Neuromodulation and the neurogenic bladder.

Neurogenic bladder resulting from spinal cord injury and spina bifida has a profound impact on voiding function. This article reviews the current literature with regards to electrical stimulation for neurogenic bladder and the clinical outcomes associated with sacral neuromodulation, pudendal neuromodulation, posterior tibial nerve stimulation, and the Finetech-Brindley posterior/anterior stimulator. In addition, the world literature reviewing hemilaminectomy and ventral root micro anastomosis is discussed. The article also examines the safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with implanted neurostimulators and discusses common complications. Neuromodulation, both electrical and physical, play an important role in the management of neurogenic bladder.