Histopathology of the male reproductive system I: techniques.

Fixation and sampling of the male reproductive system for routine histopathological examination requires special procedures including the use of nonroutine fixatives and nonroutine stains. High-resolution light microscopy and electron microscopy require additional specialized techniques including perfusion fixation and plastic embedding. Aspects of comparative anatomy are also important for ensuring that specific structures within the reproductive tract are sampled adequately in various species. This unit provides methodology and guidance on what structures to sample and how to fix and prepare tissues from the male reproductive tract for routine and special investigations.