Dearing James W
Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Center for Health Dissemination and Implementation Research, Institute for Health Research.
Res Soc Work Pract. 2009 Sep 1;19(5):503-518. doi: 10.1177/1049731509335569.
Few social science theories have a history of conceptual and empirical study as long as does the diffusion of innovations. The robustness of this theory derives from the many disciplines and fields of study in which diffusion has been studied, from the international richness of these studies, and from the variety of new ideas, practices, programs, and technologies that have been the objects of diffusion research. Early theorizing from the beginning of the 20th century was gradually displaced by post hoc empirical research that described and explained diffusion processes. By the 1950s, diffusion researchers had begun to apply the collective knowledge learned about naturalistic diffusion in tests of process interventions to affect the spread of innovations. Now, this purposive objective has given form to a science of dissemination in which evidence-based practices are designed a priori not just to result in internal validity but to increase the likelihood that external validity and diffusion both are more likely to result. Here, I review diffusion theory and focus on seven concepts-intervention attributes, intervention clusters, demonstration projects, societal sectors, reinforcing contextual conditions, opinion leadership, and intervention adaptation-with potential for accelerating the spread of evidence-based practices, programs, and policies in the field of social work.
很少有社会科学理论像创新扩散理论那样拥有悠久的概念和实证研究历史。这一理论的稳健性源于对其进行研究的众多学科和研究领域，源于这些研究在国际范围内的丰富性，以及源于作为扩散研究对象的各种新思想、实践、项目和技术。20世纪初的早期理论化逐渐被描述和解释扩散过程的事后实证研究所取代。到了20世纪50年代，扩散研究人员开始将在自然主义扩散中积累的集体知识应用于过程干预测试，以影响创新的传播。如今，这一有目的的目标已形成了一门传播科学，在这门科学中，基于证据的实践是预先设计的，不仅要确保内部有效性，还要提高外部有效性和扩散更有可能实现的可能性。在此，我回顾扩散理论，并聚焦于七个概念——干预属性、干预集群、示范项目、社会部门、强化情境条件、意见领袖和干预适应，这些概念有可能加速基于证据的实践、项目和政策在社会工作领域的传播。
