Diffusion-based and long-range concentration gradients of multiple chemicals for bacterial chemotaxis assays.

We present a diffusion-driven and long-range concentration gradient generator that uses hydrogel as a porous membrane to prevent convection flows but allow the diffusion of cell signaling molecules for the study of bacterial chemotaxis in a microfluidic device. Using this device, we characterized the critical concentrations associated with the chemotactic responses of cells that initially created a population band and then migrated in bands in the presence of multiconcentration gradients. In addition, this device can be used to study the preferential chemotaxis of bacterial cells toward different carbon sources: glucose, galactose, and mannose were preferred over arabinose and xylose, in this order. This was possible since the device is able to simultaneously produce long-range concentration gradients of different chemicals as well. The method presented in this study is easy to perform and the device is cheap to fabricate, so that we believe that these characteristics not only make this device a very useful tool to study the chemotaxis of various, motile microorganisms but also permit parallel experimentation and reduce the time and effort needed in characterizing bacterial responses to various chemicals.