Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Precarpathian National University named after Vassyl Stefanyk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Jan 17;101(1):13-30. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006. Epub 2010 Oct 23.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are an unenviable part of aerobic life. Their steady-state concentration is a balance between production and elimination providing certain steady-state ROS level. The dynamic equilibrium can be disturbed leading to enhanced ROS level and damage to cellular constituents which is called "oxidative stress". This review describes the general processes responsible for ROS generation in aquatic animals and critically analyses used markers for identification of oxidative stress. Changes in temperature, oxygen levels and salinity can cause the stress in natural and artificial conditions via induction of disbalance between ROS production and elimination. Human borne pollutants can also enhance ROS level in hydrobionts. The role of transition metal ions, such as copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic, and pesticides, namely insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides along with oil products in induction of oxidative stress is highlighted. Last years the research in biology of free radicals was refocused from only descriptive works to molecular mechanisms with particular interest to ones enhancing tolerance. The function of some transcription regulators (Keap1-Nrf2 and HIF-1α) in coordination of organisms' response to oxidative stress is discussed. The future directions in the field are related with more accurate description of oxidative stress, the identification of its general characteristics and mechanisms responsible for adaptation to the stress have been also discussed. The last part marks some perspectives in the study of oxidative stress in hydrobionts, which, in addition to classic use, became more and more popular to address general biological questions such as development, aging and pathologies.
活性氧（ROS）是需氧生命中不可避免的一部分。其稳态浓度是产生和消除之间的平衡，提供了一定的稳态 ROS 水平。这种动态平衡可能会被打破，导致 ROS 水平升高，并对细胞成分造成损害，这被称为“氧化应激”。本文描述了水生动物中 ROS 产生的一般过程，并对用于识别氧化应激的标记物进行了批判性分析。温度、氧气水平和盐度的变化可以通过诱导 ROS 产生和消除之间的失衡，在自然和人工条件下引起应激。人类携带的污染物也可以增强水生生物中的 ROS 水平。本文强调了过渡金属离子（如铜、铬、汞和砷）和农药（如杀虫剂、除草剂和杀真菌剂）以及石油产品在诱导氧化应激中的作用。近年来，自由基生物学的研究重点从仅描述性工作转移到了对增强耐受性的分子机制上。讨论了一些转录调节因子（Keap1-Nrf2 和 HIF-1α）在协调生物体对氧化应激的反应中的作用。还讨论了该领域的未来方向，涉及更准确地描述氧化应激、确定其负责适应应激的一般特征和机制。最后一部分标志着水生生物氧化应激研究的一些展望，除了经典用途外，它越来越受欢迎，用于解决发育、衰老和病理学等一般生物学问题。
