Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2011 Feb;58(2):169-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.001. Epub 2010 Nov 12.
Many attempts to resolve the phylogenetic relationships of higher groups of insects have been made based on both morphological and molecular evidence; nonetheless, most of the interordinal relationships of insects remain unclear or are controversial. As a new approach, in this study we sequenced three nuclear genes encoding the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase delta and the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II from all insect orders. The predicted amino acid sequences (In total, approx. 3500 amino acid sites) of these proteins were subjected to phylogenetic analyses based on the maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis methods with various models. The resulting trees strongly support the monophyly of Palaeoptera, Neoptera, Polyneoptera, and Holometabola, while within Polyneoptera, the groupings of Isoptera/"Blattaria"/Mantodea (Superorder Dictyoptera), Dictyoptera/Zoraptera, Dermaptera/Plecoptera, Mantophasmatodea/Grylloblattodea, and Embioptera/Phasmatodea are supported. Although Paraneoptera is not supported as a monophyletic group, the grouping of Phthiraptera/Psocoptera is robustly supported. The interordinal relationships within Holometabola are well resolved and strongly supported that the order Hymenoptera is the sister lineage to all other holometabolous insects. The other orders of Holometabola are separated into two large groups, and the interordinal relationships of each group are (((Siphonaptera, Mecoptera), Diptera), (Trichoptera, Lepidoptera)) and ((Coleoptera, Strepsiptera), (Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Megaloptera)). The sister relationship between Strepsiptera and Diptera are significantly rejected by all the statistical tests (AU, KH and wSH), while the affinity between Hymenoptera and Mecopterida are significantly rejected only by AU and KH tests. Our results show that the use of amino acid sequences of these three nuclear genes is an effective approach for resolving the relationships of higher groups of insects.
许多试图基于形态学和分子证据来解决昆虫高级类群的系统发育关系的尝试已经进行；然而，昆虫的大多数目间关系仍然不清楚或存在争议。作为一种新方法，本研究从所有昆虫目中测序了三个编码 DNA 聚合酶 delta 催化亚基和 RNA 聚合酶 II 两个大亚基的核基因。这些蛋白质的预测氨基酸序列（共计约 3500 个氨基酸位点）基于最大似然和贝叶斯分析方法以及各种模型进行了系统发育分析。结果树强烈支持古翅类、新翅类、多翅类和全变态类的单系性，而在多翅类中，等翅目/"蜚蠊目"/螳螂目（超目直翅目）、直翅目/革翅目、脉翅目/竹节虫目、弹尾目/缨尾目和盲蝽目/竹节虫目得到支持。虽然并系类群不支持作为一个单系群，但半翅目/缨翅目类群得到了强有力的支持。全变态类目中的目间关系得到了很好的解决，并强烈支持膜翅目是所有其他全变态昆虫的姊妹群。全变态类的其他目分为两个大组，每组的目间关系是（（虱目、缨翅目），（双翅目））和（（蜉蝣目、鳞翅目），（鞘翅目、广翅目、脉翅目））。双翅目和缨翅目之间的姊妹关系在所有统计检验（AU、KH 和 wSH）中都被显著拒绝，而膜翅目和长翅目之间的亲缘关系仅在 AU 和 KH 检验中被显著拒绝。我们的结果表明，使用这三个核基因的氨基酸序列是解决昆虫高级类群关系的有效方法。
