Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Jul;43(7):1287-94. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318207f87b.
Nonfunctional overreaching and overtraining (NFOR/OT) in adults can lead to significant decrements in performance, combined with physical and psychological health problems. Little is known about this condition in young athletes by comparison; thus, the aim of the study was to assess the incidence and symptomatology of NFOR/OT in young English athletes.
Three hundred seventy-six athletes (131 girls and 245 boys, age=15.1±2.0 yr) completed a 92-item survey about NFOR/OT. The sample included athletes competing at club to international standards across 19 different sports. Athletes were classified as NFOR/OT if they reported persistent daily fatigue and a significant decrement in performance that lasted for long periods of time (i.e., weeks to months). Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov nonparametric tests. Significant predictors of NFOR/OT were identified using logistic regression analysis.
One hundred ten athletes (29%) reported having been NFOR/OT at least once. The incidence was significantly higher in individual sports (P<0.01), low-physical demand sports (P<0.01), females (P<0.01), and at the elite level (P<0.01). Training load was not a significant predictor of NFOR/OT; however, competitive level and gender accounted for a small (4.7% and 1.7%, respectively) but significant explanatory variance of NFOR/OT (P<0.05).
Approximately one-third of young athletes have experienced NFOR/OT, making this an issue for parents and coaches to recognize. OT is not solely a training load-related problem with both physical and psychosocial factors identified as important contributors.
成年人的非功能性过度训练（NFOR/OT）和过度训练（OT）会导致运动表现显著下降，同时还会出现身心健康问题。相比之下，青少年运动员中这种情况知之甚少；因此，本研究的目的是评估英国年轻运动员 NFOR/OT 的发生率和症状。
376 名运动员（131 名女孩和 245 名男孩，年龄=15.1±2.0 岁）完成了一项关于 NFOR/OT 的 92 项调查。样本包括在 19 项不同运动中以俱乐部到国际标准参赛的运动员。如果运动员报告持续的日常疲劳和运动表现显著下降且持续时间较长（即数周到数月），则将其归类为 NFOR/OT。使用 Mann-Whitney U 和 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 非参数检验分析数据。使用逻辑回归分析确定 NFOR/OT 的显著预测因素。
110 名运动员（29%）报告至少有一次 NFOR/OT。在个人运动（P<0.01）、低体力要求运动（P<0.01）、女性（P<0.01）和精英级别（P<0.01）中，发生率明显更高。训练负荷不是 NFOR/OT 的显著预测因素；然而，竞技水平和性别分别解释了 NFOR/OT 很小（分别为 4.7%和 1.7%）但显著的方差（P<0.05）。
大约三分之一的年轻运动员经历过 NFOR/OT，这是父母和教练需要认识到的问题。OT 不仅仅是与训练负荷相关的问题，身体和社会心理因素都被确定为重要的促成因素。
