Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Vet Pathol. 2011 Jan;48(1):85-97. doi: 10.1177/0300985810389480. Epub 2010 Dec 7.
Mammary neoplasms are the most common neoplasm in female dogs. This article describes the embryologic development, normal anatomy, and histology of the canine mammary gland from the onset of first estrous and the changes that occur in the mammary gland during the estrus cycle. The clinical features of canine mammary gland tumors and their relation to prognosis are discussed, including age, hormones, breed, diet, and obesity. Additional clinical prognostic factors including clinical presentation, tumor size, and lymph node status at the time of presentation are discussed in relation to diagnosis and tumor staging. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the cell differentiation markers of the normal and neoplastic canine mammary gland is described and compared with similar studies in humans; the ways these markers may be used to assist with the prognosis of canine mammary neoplasms are discussed.
乳腺肿瘤是母犬最常见的肿瘤。本文描述了犬乳腺从初情期开始的胚胎发育、正常解剖结构和组织学，以及发情周期中乳腺发生的变化。讨论了犬乳腺肿瘤的临床特征及其与预后的关系，包括年龄、激素、品种、饮食和肥胖。此外，还讨论了与诊断和肿瘤分期相关的其他临床预后因素，包括临床表现、肿瘤大小和就诊时的淋巴结状态。描述了正常和肿瘤犬乳腺的细胞分化标志物的免疫组织化学评估，并与人类的类似研究进行了比较；讨论了这些标志物在辅助犬乳腺肿瘤预后中的应用。
