Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, P. Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
Mycologia. 2003 Jul-Aug;95(4):646-59. doi: 10.1080/15572536.2004.11833069.
Petri disease, or black goo, is a serious disease of vines in most areas where grapevines are cultivated. The predominant associated fungus is Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Chaetothyriales). Several species of Phaeoacremonium (Pm.) also are associated, of which Pm. aleophilum is the most common. Although no teleomorph is known for Phaeoacremonium, the genus Togninia previously has been linked to phaeoacremonium-like anamorphs. To investigate the possible anamorph-teleomorph connection of Phaeoacremonium to Togninia, anamorphs of Togninia minima, T. fraxinopennsylvanica and T. novae-zealandiae morphologically were compared with Pm. aleophilum and some representative cultures were mated in all combinations. Although no interspecies mating proved fertile, matings between isolates of Pm. aleophilum produced a Togninia teleomorph within 3-4 weeks. Certain field isolates of Pm. aleophilum commonly produced the teleomorph, demonstrating that both mating types can occur in the same vine and thus also explaining the genetic diversity observed for this fungus in some vineyards. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among these taxa, isolates were subjected to sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene, as well as portions of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) gene. The generic placement of teleomorphs within Togninia (Calosphaeriales) further was confirmed via phylogenetic analyses of 18S small subunit (SSU) DNA. From these sequences, morphological and mating data, we conclude that T. minima is the teleomorph of Pm. aleophilum, and that it has a biallelic heterothallic mating system. An epitype and mating type tester strains also are designated for T. minima.
皮特病，或黑腐病，是大多数种植葡萄地区葡萄藤的一种严重疾病。主要相关真菌是 Phaeomoniella chlamydospora（Chaetothyriales）。几种 Phaeoacremonium（Pm.）物种也与之相关，其中最常见的是 Pm. aleophilum。虽然 Phaeoacremonium 没有已知的有性型，但 Togninia 属以前与 phaeoacremonium 样的无性型有关。为了研究 Phaeoacremonium 与 Togninia 无性型-有性型的可能联系，对 Togninia minima、T. fraxinopennsylvanica 和 T. novae-zealandiae 的无性型进行了形态学比较，并对所有组合中的 Pm. aleophilum 和一些代表性培养物进行了交配。虽然没有种间交配证明是可育的，但 Pm. aleophilum 分离株之间的交配在 3-4 周内产生了 Togninia 有性型。某些常见的 Pm. aleophilum 田间分离株通常产生有性型，这表明两种交配型都可以出现在同一葡萄藤中，从而也解释了在一些葡萄园观察到的这种真菌的遗传多样性。为了阐明这些分类群之间的系统发育关系，对分离物进行了核核糖体内部转录间隔区（ITS1、ITS2）和 5.8S rRNA 基因以及翻译延伸因子 1α（EF-1α）基因部分的序列分析。通过对 18S 小亚基（SSU）DNA 的系统发育分析，进一步证实了有性型在 Togninia（Calosphaeriales）中的属位。从这些序列、形态和交配数据中，我们得出结论，T. minima 是 Pm. aleophilum 的有性型，并且它具有二倍体异宗配合交配系统。还为 T. minima 指定了一个副型和交配型测试菌株。
