College of Life Sciences, Northwest A and F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2011 Mar;30(3):692-703. doi: 10.1002/etc.440. Epub 2011 Jan 19.
The present study evaluated the single and mixed toxicities of commonly used antifouling biocides (copper pyrithione, Sea nine 211, dichlofluanid, tolylfluanid, and Irgarol 1051) on the early embryogenesis of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Their toxicities were quantified in terms of the median effective concentration (EC50) reducing the embryogenesis success by 50%. For individual biocides to the embryos, the toxicity was in order of copper pyrithione>Sea nine 211> tolylfluanid>dichlofluanid>Irgarol 1051. The toxicities of mixture (binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary) of compounds, evaluated by toxic unit, additivity index, and mixture toxicity index, showed that the copper pyrithione-Sea nine 211 combination was the most toxic with the EC50 value of 7.87 nM in all mixtures. Synergistic enhancements of toxicity were observed for all mixtures except the combination of tolylfluanid-Sea nine 211, revealing antagonistic effect. Both the concentration addition and independent action concepts failed to accurately predict the mixture toxicities of the antifouling combinations; thus, a new log K(OW)-based model was developed to predict the combined toxicities of these antifouling chemicals, which were capable of predicting the mixture toxicities of antifouling biocides (R(2)=0.33).
本研究评估了常用防污生物杀灭剂（铜吡啶硫酮、海敌 211、双氯芬、甲苯氟磺胺和 Irgarol 1051）对中间石首鱼胚胎早期发生的单一和混合毒性。以半数有效浓度（EC50）来量化它们对胚胎发育成功率降低 50%的毒性。对于单一生物杀灭剂对胚胎的毒性，顺序为铜吡啶硫酮>海敌 211>甲苯氟磺胺>双氯芬>Irgarol 1051。通过毒性单位、加性指数和混合物毒性指数评估混合物（二元、三元、四元、五元）化合物的毒性，结果表明铜吡啶硫酮-海敌 211 组合的毒性最大，所有混合物中 EC50 值为 7.87 nM。除了甲苯氟磺胺-海敌 211 组合外，所有混合物均观察到毒性协同增强，显示出拮抗作用。浓度加和和独立作用的概念都不能准确预测防污组合的混合物毒性；因此，开发了一种基于 log K(OW)的新模型来预测这些防污化学品的联合毒性，该模型能够预测防污生物杀灭剂的混合物毒性（R(2)=0.33）。
