Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Mol Biol Cell. 2010 Dec;21(24):4300-5. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E10-03-0251.
We present a perspective on the molecular evolution of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in metazoa that draws on research publications and data from sequenced genomes and expressed sequence tag libraries. ECM components do not function in isolation, and the biological ECM system or "adhesome" also depends on posttranslational processing enzymes, cell surface receptors, and extracellular proteases. We focus principally on the adhesome of internal tissues and discuss its origins at the dawn of the metazoa and the expansion of complexity that occurred in the chordate lineage. The analyses demonstrate very high conservation of a core adhesome that apparently evolved in a major wave of innovation in conjunction with the origin of metazoa. Integrin, CD36, and certain domains predate the metazoa, and some ECM-related proteins are identified in choanoflagellates as predicted sequences. Modern deuterostomes and vertebrates have many novelties and elaborations of ECM as a result of domain shuffling, domain innovations and gene family expansions. Knowledge of the evolution of metazoan ECM is important for understanding how it is built as a system, its roles in normal tissues and disease processes, and has relevance for tissue engineering, the development of artificial organs, and the goals of synthetic biology.
我们从已发表的研究文献、测序基因组和表达序列标签文库中提取数据，提出后生动物细胞外基质（ECM）分子进化的观点。ECM 成分并非孤立发挥作用，生物 ECM 系统或“黏着斑”还依赖于翻译后加工酶、细胞表面受体和细胞外蛋白酶。我们主要关注内部组织的黏着斑，并讨论其在后生动物起源时的起源，以及在脊索动物谱系中发生的复杂性扩张。分析表明，核心黏着斑高度保守，显然是与后生动物起源同时发生的重大创新浪潮中进化而来的。整合素、CD36 和某些结构域早于后生动物，在领鞭毛虫中作为预测序列鉴定出一些与 ECM 相关的蛋白质。现代的后口动物和脊椎动物由于结构域改组、结构域创新和基因家族扩增，具有许多 ECM 的新颖性和复杂性。后生动物 ECM 进化的知识对于理解它如何作为一个系统构建、它在正常组织和疾病过程中的作用，以及对于组织工程、人工器官的发展和合成生物学的目标都很重要。
