Lundqvist Thomas
Drug Addiction Treatment Centre, Lund University hospital, Lund, SE-22185, Sweden.
Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2010;3:247-75. doi: 10.1007/7854_2009_26.
The neuropsychological network is a complex structure. To identify processes location and network capacity the brain imaging techniques together and in combination with other neuropsychological techniques and the expanding of well elaborated designs provide us with a multidimensional understanding, and contributes to the understanding of each illicit drug's character, which is of importance in designing of new treatment programs and clinical practice. Cannabis, MDMA, amphetamine, cocaine, and heroin abusers display both acute effects and chronic effects, deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning. These deficits may last beyond the period of intoxication and cumulate with years of use. Cannabis users may recruit an alternative neural network as a compensatory mechanism during performance of tasks of attention. There is some evidence indicating the detrimental effects of cannabis on the maturing adolescent brain. Stimulant dependence is characterized by a distributed alteration of functional activation. Attenuated anterior and posterior cingulate activation, reduced inferior frontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation, and altered posterior parietal activation point towards an inadequate demand-specific processing of information. On an individual level they exhibit process-related brain activation differences that are consistent with a shift from context-specific, effortful processing to more stereotyped, habitual response generation. Finally, opiate use appears to decrease the ability to shift cognitive set and inhibit inappropriate response tendencies.
神经心理网络是一个复杂的结构。为了确定过程位置和网络容量，脑成像技术相互结合，并与其他神经心理学技术相结合，以及精心设计的研究方案不断扩展，为我们提供了多维度的理解，并有助于理解每种非法药物的特性，这对设计新的治疗方案和临床实践具有重要意义。大麻、摇头丸、安非他命、可卡因和海洛因滥用者既表现出急性效应，也表现出慢性效应，在注意力、记忆力和执行功能方面存在缺陷。这些缺陷可能会持续到中毒期之后，并随着多年的使用而累积。大麻使用者在执行注意力任务时可能会招募一个替代神经网络作为补偿机制。有一些证据表明大麻对青少年大脑发育有有害影响。兴奋剂依赖的特征是功能激活的分布性改变。前扣带回和后扣带回激活减弱、额下回和背外侧前额叶皮层激活减少以及顶叶后部激活改变，表明对特定需求的信息处理不足。在个体层面上，他们表现出与过程相关的大脑激活差异，这与从特定情境、费力的处理方式向更刻板、习惯性的反应生成方式的转变一致。最后，使用阿片类药物似乎会降低转换认知定势和抑制不适当反应倾向的能力。
