Schools of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
Proc Biol Sci. 2011 Aug 7;278(1716):2376-83. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2404. Epub 2010 Dec 22.
The most fragile skeletons produced by benthic marine calcifiers are those that larvae and juveniles make to support their bodies. Ocean warming, acidification, decreased carbonate saturation and their interactive effects are likely to impair skeletogenesis. Failure to produce skeleton in a changing ocean has negative implications for a diversity of marine species. We examined the interactive effects of warming and acidification on an abalone (Haliotis coccoradiata) and a sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) reared from fertilization in temperature and pH/pCO(2) treatments in a climatically and regionally relevant setting. Exposure of ectodermal (abalone) and mesodermal (echinoid) calcifying systems to warming (+2°C to 4°C) and acidification (pH 7.6-7.8) resulted in unshelled larvae and abnormal juveniles. Haliotis development was most sensitive with no interaction between stressors. For Heliocidaris, the percentage of normal juveniles decreased in response to both stressors, although a +2°C warming diminished the negative effect of low pH. The number of spines produced decreased with increasing acidification/pCO(2), and the interactive effect between stressors indicated that a +2°C warming reduced the negative effects of low pH. At +4°C, the developmental thermal tolerance was breached. Our results show that projected near-future climate change will have deleterious effects on development with differences in vulnerability in the two species.
最脆弱的骨骼是由底栖海洋钙化生物产生的，这些骨骼是幼虫和幼体用来支撑身体的。海洋变暖、酸化、碳酸盐饱和度降低及其相互作用可能会损害骨骼生成。在不断变化的海洋中无法产生骨骼，这对多种海洋物种都有负面影响。我们在气候和区域相关的环境中，从受精开始，在温度和 pH 值/pCO2 处理中饲养鲍鱼（Haliotis coccoradiata）和海胆（Heliocidaris erythrogramma），研究了变暖与酸化的相互作用对这两种生物的影响。将外胚层（鲍鱼）和中胚层（海胆）钙化系统暴露于升温（+2°C 至 4°C）和酸化（pH7.6-7.8）环境中，会导致无壳幼虫和畸形幼体。Haliotis 的发育最为敏感，没有压力源之间的相互作用。对于 Heliocidaris，正常幼体的比例因两种压力源而下降，尽管+2°C 的升温降低了低 pH 的负面影响。随着酸化/pCO2 的增加，产生的刺的数量减少，而且压力源之间的相互作用表明，+2°C 的升温降低了低 pH 的负面影响。在+4°C 时，发育的热耐受极限被突破。我们的结果表明，预计未来的近岸气候变化将对这两个物种的发育产生有害影响，而且它们的脆弱性存在差异。
