Peters Howard, Ralph Gina M, Rogers-Bennett Laura
Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom.
IUCN Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2024 Dec 23;19(12):e0309384. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309384. eCollection 2024.
There is increasing awareness that marine invertebrates such as abalones are at risk from the combined stressors of fishing and climate change. Abalones are an important marine fishery resource and of cultural importance to Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. A highly priced marine delicacy, they are inherently vulnerable: individuals are slow-growing and long-lived and successful reproduction requires dense assemblages. However, their global conservation status is poorly understood. Using IUCN Red List methodology, we assessed the extinction risk to all 54 species of abalone (genus Haliotis). Of the 21 fished commercially for human consumption either now and/or in the past, 15 (71.43%) are classified as threatened, i.e., those identified as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Of the 33 unexploited species, only five (15.15%) are so classified, making exploited species over four times more likely to face extinction, underscoring the impact of fishing on abalones already confronting a changing climate. The highest concentration of threatened species occurs along the North American Pacific coast. Here six of the seven species have been exploited, yet despite years of fishery closures with exemptions only in Alaska and Mexico, all are categorised as threatened. Climate driven stressors have led to mass mortalities, with competition from sea urchins and disease, aggravated by harmful algal blooms. In Australia the picture is mixed despite robust stock management, with some regions experiencing mass mortalities from marine heatwaves and viral spread. Poaching has reached its apogee in South Africa, where organised criminal gangs have reduced the legal fishery of Haliotis midae, 'perlemoen' almost to a footnote, accompanied by widespread recruitment failure. In response, the authorities have focused on abalone ranching and stock enhancement. In Japan, with a long history of abalone fishing, wild stocks are routinely supplemented with hatchery-bred juveniles. Collaboration between restoration aquaculture and fisheries, including sea urchin control and kelp restoration, offers hope for rebuilding stocks against a backdrop of escalating environmental stressors.
人们越来越意识到，鲍鱼等海洋无脊椎动物正面临着捕捞和气候变化等综合压力源带来的风险。鲍鱼是一种重要的海洋渔业资源，对原住民和非原住民都具有文化意义。作为一种价格高昂的海洋美味，它们天生就很脆弱：个体生长缓慢、寿命长，成功繁殖需要密集的群体。然而，它们在全球的保护状况却鲜为人知。我们采用国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）红色名录的方法，评估了所有54种鲍鱼（鲍属）的灭绝风险。在目前和/或过去用于商业捕捞供人类食用的21种鲍鱼中，有15种（71.43%）被列为受威胁物种，即被确定为极度濒危、濒危或易危的物种。在33种未被开发利用的物种中，只有5种（15.15%）被如此分类，这使得已开发利用的物种面临灭绝的可能性高出四倍多，凸显了捕捞对已经面临气候变化的鲍鱼的影响。受威胁物种最集中的地区位于北美太平洋沿岸。这里的七种鲍鱼中有六种已被开发利用，然而，尽管多年来实施了渔业禁捕，仅在阿拉斯加和墨西哥有豁免情况，但所有这些物种都被归类为受威胁物种。气候驱动的压力源导致了大规模死亡，海胆的竞争和疾病，有害藻华又加剧了这种情况。在澳大利亚，尽管有强有力的种群管理，但情况喜忧参半，一些地区因海洋热浪和病毒传播而出现大规模死亡。偷猎在南非达到了顶峰，有组织的犯罪团伙已将南非鲍鱼（南非鲍）的合法捕捞量减少到几乎可以忽略不计的程度，同时伴随着广泛的补充群体失败。作为回应，当局将重点放在了鲍鱼养殖和种群增殖上。在日本，由于有悠久的鲍鱼捕捞历史，野生种群经常用孵化场培育的幼体进行补充。恢复性水产养殖和渔业之间的合作，包括海胆控制和海带恢复，为在环境压力不断升级的背景下重建种群带来了希望。
