Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Studies (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Int. 2011 Feb;37(2):462-73. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.011. Epub 2010 Dec 22.
Sulfonamides (SAs) have become one of the antibiotic families most frequently found in all kind of environmental waters. In the present work, the presence of 16 SAs and one of their acetylated metabolites in different water matrices of the Ebro River basin has been evaluated during two different sampling campaigns carried out in 2007 and 2008. Influent and effluent samples from seven wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), together with a total of 28 river water samples were analyzed by on-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromathography-tandem mass spectrometry (on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS). Sulfamethoxazole and sulfapyridine were the SAs most frequently detected in WWTPs (96-100%), showing also the highest concentrations, ranging from 27.2 ng L(-1) to 596 ng L(-1) for sulfamethoxazole and from 3.7 ng L(-1) to 227 ng L(-1) for sulfapyridine. Sulfamethoxazole was also the SA most frequently detected in surface waters (85% of the samples) at concentrations between 11 ng L(-1) and 112 ng L(-1). In order to assess the effectiveness of the wastewater treatment in degrading SAs, removal efficiencies in the seven WWTPs were calculated for each individual SA (ranging from 4% to 100%) and correlated to the corresponding hydraulic retention times or residence times of the SAs in the plants. SAs half-lives were also estimated, ranging from to 2.5 hours (sulfadimethoxine) to 128 h (sulfamethazine). The contribution of the WWTPs to the presence of SAs depends on both the load of SAs discharging on the surface water from the WWTP effluent but also on the flow of the receiving waters in the discharge sites and the dilution exerted; WWTP4 exerts the highest pressure on the receiving water course. Finally, the potential environmental risk posed by SAs was evaluated calculating the hazard quotients (HQ) to different non-target organisms in effluent and river water. The degree of susceptibility resulted in algae>daphnia>fish. Sulfamethoxazole was the only SA posing a risk to algae in effluent water, with an HQ>7.
磺胺类抗生素（SAs）已成为所有类型环境水中最常发现的抗生素家族之一。在本工作中，于 2007 年和 2008 年进行了两次不同的采样活动，评估了埃布罗河流域不同水基质中 16 种磺胺类抗生素和一种乙酰化代谢物的存在情况。对来自 7 个废水处理厂（WWTPs）的进水和出水样本，以及总共 28 个河水样本进行了在线固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法（在线 SPE-LC-MS/MS）分析。磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺吡啶是 WWTPs 中最常检测到的磺胺类抗生素（96-100%），浓度也最高，范围为 27.2ng/L-596ng/L （磺胺甲恶唑）和 3.7ng/L-227ng/L（磺胺吡啶）。磺胺甲恶唑也是地表水（85%的样本）中最常检测到的磺胺类抗生素，浓度在 11ng/L-112ng/L 之间。为了评估废水处理在降解磺胺类抗生素方面的有效性，针对每个单独的磺胺类抗生素，在 7 个 WWTPs 中计算了去除效率（范围为 4%-100%），并与磺胺类抗生素在工厂中的相应水力停留时间或停留时间相关联。还估计了磺胺类抗生素的半衰期，范围从 2.5 小时（磺胺二甲氧嘧啶）到 128 小时（磺胺甲嘧啶）。WWTPs 对磺胺类抗生素存在的贡献取决于 WWTP 出水中磺胺类抗生素排入地表水的负荷，以及受纳水体在排放点的流量和稀释程度；WWTP4 对受纳水体施加的压力最大。最后，通过计算废水和河水中不同非目标生物的危害商数（HQ），评估了磺胺类抗生素带来的潜在环境风险。敏感性程度结果为藻类>水蚤>鱼类。磺胺甲恶唑是唯一一种对废水处理厂中藻类具有风险的磺胺类抗生素，HQ>7。
