Choi Kyungho, Kim Younghee, Park Jeongim, Park Chan Koo, Kim MinYoung, Kim Hyun Soo, Kim Pangyi
School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Sci Total Environ. 2008 Nov 1;405(1-3):120-8. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.038. Epub 2008 Aug 6.
We collected influent and effluent samples from four sewage treatment plants (STPs) as well as surface water samples in Han River of Seoul, Korea, in three sampling events representing different flow conditions, i.e., April, June, and August, 2005, and analyzed for eleven pharmaceuticals including acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem, trimethoprim, and five sulfonamide antibiotics, using LC-MS-ESI. Pharmaceuticals of high annual production amount were detected in higher level in STP influents. Levels of pharmaceutical residues in the influents were the highest for acetaminophen (average 27,089 ng/L), followed by caffeine (23,664 ng/L), cimetidine (8045 ng/L), and sulfamethoxazole (523 ng/L). Levels of acetaminophen and caffeine in STP effluents were very low compared to the influent concentrations. However cimetidine was detected in relatively high levels even in STP effluent samples. In effluent samples, cimetidine showed the highest level (5380 ng/L), followed by caffeine (278 ng/L), sulfamethoxazole (193 ng/L), and carbamazepine (111 ng/L). The concentration of cimetidine was also the highest in surface water samples (average 281 ng/L), which is the highest level reported from surface water worldwide to our knowledge. Caffeine (268.7 ng/L), acetaminophen (34.8 ng/L), and sulfamethoxazole (26.9 ng/L) were also detected in relatively high levels. Levels of pharmaceuticals detected in surface water samples upstream STPs were generally very low compared to the downstream samples, suggesting that the STPs potentially be a major source of the test pharmaceuticals into Han River. The hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated for the test pharmaceuticals based on their occurrences in surface water, and no pharmaceutical resulted in HQ greater than one, suggesting that their potential environmental impact may be low.
我们于2005年4月、6月和8月这三个代表不同流量条件的采样时段，从韩国首尔汉江的四个污水处理厂（STP）采集了进水和出水样本以及地表水样本，并使用液相色谱-质谱-电喷雾电离（LC-MS-ESI）对包括对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、卡马西平、西咪替丁、地尔硫䓬、甲氧苄啶和五种磺胺类抗生素在内的11种药物进行了分析。年产量高的药物在污水处理厂进水样本中的含量更高。进水样本中药物残留量最高的是对乙酰氨基酚（平均27,089纳克/升），其次是咖啡因（23,664纳克/升）、西咪替丁（8045纳克/升）和磺胺甲恶唑（523纳克/升）。与进水浓度相比，污水处理厂出水中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量非常低。然而，即使在污水处理厂出水样本中，西咪替丁的检测含量也相对较高。在出水样本中，西咪替丁含量最高（5380纳克/升），其次是咖啡因（278纳克/升）、磺胺甲恶唑（193纳克/升）和卡马西平（111纳克/升）。西咪替丁在地表水样本中的浓度也是最高的（平均281纳克/升），据我们所知，这是全球地表水中报告的最高水平。咖啡因（268.7纳克/升）、对乙酰氨基酚（34.8纳克/升）和磺胺甲恶唑（26.9纳克/升）的检测含量也相对较高。污水处理厂上游地表水样本中检测到的药物含量通常远低于下游样本，这表明污水处理厂可能是这些受试药物进入汉江的主要来源。根据受试药物在地表水中的出现情况计算了危害商（HQ），没有一种药物的危害商大于1，这表明它们对环境的潜在影响可能较低。
