Center for Gender in Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
Addict Behav. 2011 Apr;36(4):286-93. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.11.001. Epub 2010 Nov 10.
The present study extends the previous research on the social influences on quitting by investigating inconsistencies between different types of social norms and their main and moderating effects on quitting intentions. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) served as the theoretical framework. Social influences were operationalised by subjective quitting norm (significant others' expectations that one should quit), descriptive quitting norm (significant others' quitting behaviour), and descriptive smoking norm (partner's smoking). Because gender differences had previously been reported, norm effects were also analysed with respect to gender. A total of 168 smokers who had a partner (47% men, mean age M=34, SD=16) completed measures of TPB variables (including subjective quitting norm), descriptive quitting norm, descriptive smoking norm, and smoking behaviour. Subjective and descriptive quitting norms were more inconsistent in women than in men. The descriptive quitting norm enhanced the TPB prediction of intention by 5%. A three-way interaction accounted for an additional 3% of the variance and revealed both that subjective and descriptive quitting norms interacted in their prediction and that gender moderated this effect: the subjective quitting norm correlated positively to quitting intention only in women with a strong descriptive quitting norm. All analyses were controlled for number of cigarettes per day. These findings confirmed that it is important to distinguish subjective and descriptive norms and that differences exist in how these norms motivate women and men to quit smoking. Consistent quitting norms such as quitting of significant others in combination with their expectations that one should quit appear to be less common but more important in women to form a corresponding intention.
本研究通过调查不同类型的社会规范之间的不一致性及其对戒烟意愿的主要和调节作用，扩展了以往关于社会影响戒烟的研究。计划行为理论（TPB）为理论框架。社会影响通过主观戒烟规范（重要他人期望一个人应该戒烟）、描述性戒烟规范（重要他人的戒烟行为）和描述性吸烟规范（伴侣的吸烟行为）来操作。由于之前已经报道了性别差异，因此还根据性别分析了规范效应。共有 168 名有伴侣的吸烟者（47%为男性，平均年龄 M=34，SD=16）完成了 TPB 变量（包括主观戒烟规范）、描述性戒烟规范、描述性吸烟规范和吸烟行为的测量。主观和描述性戒烟规范在女性中比在男性中更不一致。描述性戒烟规范增强了 TPB 对意图的预测，增加了 5%。三向交互作用解释了额外的 3%的方差，并揭示了主观和描述性戒烟规范在其预测中的相互作用，以及性别对这种作用的调节作用：只有在具有强烈描述性戒烟规范的女性中，主观戒烟规范才与戒烟意图呈正相关。所有分析都控制了每天吸烟的数量。这些发现证实了区分主观和描述性规范很重要，而且这些规范对女性和男性戒烟的动机存在差异。一致的戒烟规范，如重要他人的戒烟以及他们期望一个人应该戒烟，似乎不太常见，但对女性来说更重要，因为这可以形成相应的意图。
