School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5000, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2011 Jan;7(1):50-74. doi: 10.1002/ieam.132. Epub 2010 Dec 9.
This paper reviews the tissue residue approach (TRA) for toxicity assessment as it applies to organic chemicals and some organometallic compounds (Sn, Hg, and Pb) in aquatic organisms. Specific emphasis was placed on evaluating key factors that influence interpretation of critical body residue (CBR) toxicity metrics including data quality issues, lipid dynamics, choice of endpoints, processes that alter toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, phototoxicity, species- and life stage-specific sensitivities, and biotransformation. The vast majority of data available on TRA is derived from laboratory studies of acute lethal responses to organic toxicants exhibiting baseline toxicity. Application of the TRA to various baseline toxicants as well as substances with specific modes of action via receptor-mediated processes, such as chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and organometallics is discussed, as is application of TRA concepts in field assessments of tissue residues. In contrast to media-based toxicity relationships, CBR values tend to be less variable and less influenced by factors that control bioavailability and bioaccumulation, and TRA can be used to infer mechanisms of toxic action, evaluate the toxicity of mixtures, and interpret field data on bioaccumulated toxicants. If residue-effects data are not available, body residues can be estimated, as has been done using the target lipid model for baseline toxicants, to derive critical values for risk assessment. One of the primary unresolved issues complicating TRA for organic chemicals is biotransformation. Further work on the influence of biotransformation, a better understanding of contaminant lipid interactions, and an explicit understanding of the time dependency of CBRs and receptor-mediated toxicity are all required to advance this field. Additional residue-effects data on sublethal endpoints, early life stages, and a wider range of legacy and emergent contaminants will be needed to improve the ability to use TRA for organic and organometallic compounds.
本文综述了组织残留法（TRA）在水生生物中评估有机化学物质和某些有机金属化合物（Sn、Hg 和 Pb）毒性的应用。本文特别关注评估影响关键身体残留（CBR）毒性指标解释的关键因素，包括数据质量问题、脂质动态、终点选择、改变毒代动力学和毒效动力学的过程、光毒性、物种和生命阶段特异性敏感性以及生物转化。TRA 可用的绝大多数数据均源自基线毒性的有机毒物急性致死反应的实验室研究。本文讨论了 TRA 在各种基线毒物以及通过受体介导过程具有特定作用模式的物质（如氯化芳香烃、农药和有机金属）中的应用，还讨论了 TRA 概念在组织残留的现场评估中的应用。与基于介质的毒性关系相比，CBR 值的变异性较小，受控制生物利用度和生物积累的因素的影响较小，TRA 可用于推断毒性作用机制、评估混合物毒性，以及解释生物累积毒物的现场数据。如果没有残留效应数据，可以使用目标脂质模型估算身体残留量，以得出用于风险评估的关键值。使有机化学物质的 TRA 复杂化的一个主要未解决问题是生物转化。需要进一步研究生物转化的影响，更好地了解污染物与脂质的相互作用，并明确理解 CBR 和受体介导毒性的时间依赖性，以推进这一领域的发展。需要更多关于亚致死终点、早期生命阶段以及更广泛的传统和新兴污染物的残留效应数据，以提高使用 TRA 评估有机和有机金属化合物的能力。
