School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5020, USA.
Nature. 2011 Feb 17;470(7334):386-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09689. Epub 2011 Jan 5.
One billion people depend on seafood as their primary source of protein and 25% of the world's total animal protein comes from fisheries. Yet a third of fish stocks worldwide are overexploited or depleted. Using individual case studies, many have argued that community-based co-management should prevent the tragedy of the commons because cooperative management by fishers, managers and scientists often results in sustainable fisheries. However, general and multidisciplinary evaluations of co-management regimes and the conditions for social, economic and ecological success within such regimes are lacking. Here we examine 130 co-managed fisheries in a wide range of countries with different degrees of development, ecosystems, fishing sectors and type of resources. We identified strong leadership as the most important attribute contributing to success, followed by individual or community quotas, social cohesion and protected areas. Less important conditions included enforcement mechanisms, long-term management policies and life history of the resources. Fisheries were most successful when at least eight co-management attributes were present, showing a strong positive relationship between the number of these attributes and success, owing to redundancy in management regulations. Our results demonstrate the critical importance of prominent community leaders and robust social capital, combined with clear incentives through catch shares and conservation benefits derived from protected areas, for successfully managing aquatic resources and securing the livelihoods of communities depending on them. Our study offers hope that co-management, the only realistic solution for the majority of the world's fisheries, can solve many of the problems facing global fisheries.
十亿人依赖海鲜作为他们的主要蛋白质来源，而全球 25%的动物蛋白来自渔业。然而，全球三分之一的鱼类资源已经过度捕捞或枯竭。许多人通过个别案例研究认为，基于社区的共同管理应该可以防止公地悲剧，因为渔民、管理者和科学家的合作管理通常会带来可持续的渔业。然而，对于共同管理制度以及在这些制度内实现社会、经济和生态成功的条件，缺乏全面和多学科的评估。在这里，我们研究了来自不同发展程度、生态系统、渔业部门和资源类型的广泛国家的 130 个共同管理的渔业。我们发现，强有力的领导力是促成成功的最重要因素，其次是个人或社区配额、社会凝聚力和保护区。不太重要的条件包括执法机制、长期管理政策和资源的生活史。当至少有八个共同管理属性存在时，渔业最成功，这表明由于管理法规的冗余，这些属性的数量与成功之间存在很强的正相关关系。我们的研究结果表明，突出的社区领导者和强大的社会资本，加上通过捕捞份额获得的明确激励和保护区带来的保护效益，对于成功管理水生资源和保障依赖这些资源的社区的生计至关重要。我们的研究结果表明，共同管理是全球大多数渔业的唯一现实解决方案，它可以解决全球渔业面临的许多问题。
