Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Int J Drug Policy. 2011 Mar;22(2):153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.11.002. Epub 2011 Jan 15.
According to the World Health Organization, the public health impact of illicit alcohol and informally produced alcohol should be reduced. This paper summarizes and evaluates the evidence base about policy and intervention options regarding unrecorded alcohol consumption.
A systematic review of the literature using electronic databases.
The literature on unrecorded consumption was sparse with less than 30 articles about policy options, mostly based on observational studies. The most simplistic option to reduce unrecorded consumption would be to lower recorded alcohol prices to remove the economic incentive of buying unrecorded alcohol. However, this may increase the net total alcohol consumption, making it an unappealing public health policy option. Other policy options largely depend on the specific sub-group of unrecorded alcohol. The prohibition of toxic compounds used to denature alcohol (e.g. methanol) can improve health outcomes associated with surrogate alcohol consumption. Cross-border shopping can be reduced by either narrowing the tax differences, or stricter control. Actions limiting illegal trade and counterfeiting include introduction of tax stamps and electronic surveillance systems of alcohol trade. Education campaigns might increase the awareness about the risks associated with illegal alcohol. The most problematic category appears to be the home and small-scale artisanal production, for which the most promising option is to offer financial incentives to the producers for registration and quality control.
Even though there are suggestions and theories on how to reduce unrecorded alcohol consumption, there is currently no clear evidence base on the effectiveness or cost effectiveness of available policy options. In addition, the differences in consumption levels, types of unrecorded alcohol, culture and tradition point to different measures in different parts of the world. Thus, the recommendation of a framework for moving forward in decision making currently seems premature. Instead, there is a need for systematic research.
根据世界卫生组织的说法，应减少非法酒精和非正规生产酒精对公众健康的影响。本文总结和评估了关于非记录酒精消费的政策和干预选项的证据基础。
使用电子数据库进行系统文献回顾。
关于非记录消费的文献很少，只有不到 30 篇关于政策选择的文章，主要基于观察性研究。减少非记录消费最简单的方法是降低记录酒品价格，以消除购买非记录酒品的经济动机。然而，这可能会增加总酒精摄入量，使其成为一个不吸引人的公共卫生政策选择。其他政策选择在很大程度上取决于非记录酒精的具体亚组。禁止用于变性的有毒化合物（例如甲醇）可以改善与替代酒精消费相关的健康结果。通过缩小税收差异或加强控制，可以减少跨境购物。限制非法贸易和假冒行为的行动包括引入税收印花和酒精贸易的电子监控系统。教育运动可能会提高人们对非法酒精相关风险的认识。最成问题的类别似乎是家庭和小规模手工生产，对于这类生产，最有前途的选择是为注册和质量控制向生产者提供财政激励。
尽管有关于如何减少非记录酒精消费的建议和理论，但目前尚无关于现有政策选择有效性和成本效益的明确证据基础。此外，消费水平、非记录酒精的类型、文化和传统的差异表明，世界不同地区需要采取不同的措施。因此，目前似乎还不成熟，无法推荐一个用于决策的框架。相反，需要进行系统的研究。
