Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck Str 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Mar 1;45(5):1820-6. doi: 10.1021/es103803t. Epub 2011 Feb 3.
Seawater and air samples were collected aboard the FS Polarstern during the cruises ANT-XXV/1 + 2 in the Atlantic and Southern Ocean in 2008. The particulate and dissolved phase in water and particulate and gaseous phase in air were analyzed separately for nine polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and six non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Air concentrations of 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) in the gaseous and particulate phase (median = 0.56 pg m(-3) for DPTE and 0.92 pg m(-3) for HBB) were comparable to ∑(9)PBDEs (1.0 pg m(-3)). Pentabromotoluene (PBT) was detectable in ∼30% of the gaseous phase samples, whereas concentration of 2,4,6-tribromophenyl allylether (ATE), hexachlorocyclopentenyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) were below their method detection limits. DPTE, and PBDEs were also found in seawater at low pg per liter levels. Elevated seawater concentrations of PBDEs and DPTE were measured in the English Channel and close to South African coast. Concentrations of DPTE, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in the atmosphere generally decreased from Europe toward the Southern Ocean, whereas no latitudinal trend was observed in seawater. Air-water exchange gradients suggested net deposition dominates for all selected substances. The medians of net deposition fluxes for the air-water gas exchange were 83, 21, 69, 20, and 781 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB, whereas medians of dry deposition fluxes were 2.0, 0.3, 1.2, 1.0, and 0.5 pg m(-2) day(-1) for BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, DPTE, and HBB. Overall, these results highlight the important role of the long-range atmospheric transport of PBDE and non-PBDE BFRs to remote regions.
于 2008 年在大西洋和南大洋进行的 ANT-XXV/1 + 2 航次中，采集了 FS 极地号上的海水和空气样本。对水中的颗粒相和溶解相以及空气中的颗粒相和气相分别分析了 9 种多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和 6 种非 PBDE 溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）。在气相和颗粒相中，2,3-二溴丙基-2,4,6-三溴苯基醚（DPTE）和六溴苯（HBB）的空气浓度（中位数分别为 DPTE 的 0.56 pg m(-3)和 HBB 的 0.92 pg m(-3)）与∑（9）PBDEs（1.0 pg m(-3)）相当。戊溴甲苯（PBT）可在约 30%的气相样品中检测到，而 2,4,6-三溴苯基烯丙基醚（ATE）、六氯环戊二烯二溴环辛烷（HCDBCO）和 2-乙基-1-己基 2,3,4,5-四溴邻苯二甲酸酯（EHTBB）的浓度低于其方法检测限。DPTE 和 PBDEs 也在海水中以低 pg/L 水平存在。在英吉利海峡和南非海岸附近测量到 PBDEs 和 DPTE 的海水浓度升高。DPTE、BDE-47 和 BDE-99 在大气中的浓度通常从欧洲向南大洋递减，而在海水中没有观察到纬度趋势。空气-水交换梯度表明，所有选定物质的净沉积均占主导地位。空气-水气体交换的净沉积通量中位数分别为 BDE-47、BDE-100、BDE-99、DPTE 和 HBB 的 83、21、69、20 和 781 pg m(-2) day(-1)，而干沉积通量的中位数分别为 BDE-47、BDE-100、BDE-99、DPTE 和 HBB 的 2.0、0.3、1.2、1.0 和 0.5 pg m(-2) day(-1)。总体而言，这些结果强调了 PBDE 和非 PBDE BFR 通过长程大气传输到偏远地区的重要作用。
