Pin Arboledas Gonzalo, Roselló Amalia Lluch, Alarcó Magdalena Cubel, Safort Marisa Morell
Unidad Valenciana del Sueño, Hospital Quirón, Valencia, España.
Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2010 Dec;61 Suppl 1:7-13. doi: 10.1016/S0001-6519(10)71239-5.
Epidemiological studies of sleep-disordered breathing in broad population samples are scarce. Nevertheless, currently available data indicate that habitual snoring is present in 7.45 % (95 % CI: 5.75-9.61) of the child population. Approximately 10 % of habitual snorers develop sleep apnea. However, in children with associated comorbidity (obesity, asthma…) or clinical symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing, the association between snoring and sleep apnea is significantly increased. The prevalence of sleep apnea according to parents' or guardians' observation of apnea episodes is 0.2-4 %. When the diagnosis is based on questionnaires administered directly to parents, the prevalence increases to 4-11 %. If diagnosis is made by objective means, the prevalence ranges from 1-4 %. Obesity is currently a major risk factor. In obese children, the prevalence of sleep apnea oscillates between 4.69 % and 6.6 % and consequently screening of sleep-disordered breathing in obese patients with or without suggestive symptoms should be routine. Genetic factors strongly influence sleep-disordered breathing and seem to account for 35-40 % of the variance in this disorder, although their precise role has yet to be clarified. Genetic study opens up an important gateway in the future medical approach to sleep-disordered breathing.
在广泛人群样本中，关于睡眠呼吸障碍的流行病学研究较少。然而，目前可得的数据表明，儿童群体中有7.45%（95%置信区间：5.75 - 9.61）存在习惯性打鼾。大约10%的习惯性打鼾者会发展为睡眠呼吸暂停。然而，在伴有合并症（肥胖、哮喘等）或睡眠呼吸障碍临床症状的儿童中，打鼾与睡眠呼吸暂停之间的关联显著增加。根据父母或监护人对呼吸暂停发作的观察，睡眠呼吸暂停的患病率为0.2 - 4%。当诊断基于直接向父母发放的问卷时，患病率增至4 - 11%。若通过客观手段进行诊断，患病率在1 - 4%之间。肥胖是目前的一个主要风险因素。在肥胖儿童中，睡眠呼吸暂停的患病率在4.69%至6.6%之间波动，因此，对有或无提示症状的肥胖患者进行睡眠呼吸障碍筛查应成为常规操作。遗传因素对睡眠呼吸障碍有强烈影响，似乎占该疾病变异的35 - 40%，尽管其确切作用尚待阐明。遗传学研究为未来睡眠呼吸障碍的医学治疗开辟了一个重要途径。
