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有证据表明,招聘广告中的性别用语确实存在,并持续存在性别不平等现象。

Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality.

机构信息

Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

出版信息

J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 Jul;101(1):109-28. doi: 10.1037/a0022530.

Abstract

Social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999) contends that institutional-level mechanisms exist that reinforce and perpetuate existing group-based inequalities, but very few such mechanisms have been empirically demonstrated. We propose that gendered wording (i.e., masculine- and feminine-themed words, such as those associated with gender stereotypes) may be a heretofore unacknowledged, institutional-level mechanism of inequality maintenance. Employing both archival and experimental analyses, the present research demonstrates that gendered wording commonly employed in job recruitment materials can maintain gender inequality in traditionally male-dominated occupations. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated the existence of subtle but systematic wording differences within a randomly sampled set of job advertisements. Results indicated that job advertisements for male-dominated areas employed greater masculine wording (i.e., words associated with male stereotypes, such as leader, competitive, dominant) than advertisements within female-dominated areas. No difference in the presence of feminine wording (i.e., words associated with female stereotypes, such as support, understand, interpersonal) emerged across male- and female-dominated areas. Next, the consequences of highly masculine wording were tested across 3 experimental studies. When job advertisements were constructed to include more masculine than feminine wording, participants perceived more men within these occupations (Study 3), and importantly, women found these jobs less appealing (Studies 4 and 5). Results confirmed that perceptions of belongingness (but not perceived skills) mediated the effect of gendered wording on job appeal (Study 5). The function of gendered wording in maintaining traditional gender divisions, implications for gender parity, and theoretical models of inequality are discussed.

摘要

社会支配理论(Sidanius 和 Pratto,1999)认为,存在强化和延续现有基于群体的不平等的制度性机制,但很少有这样的机制得到实证证明。我们提出,性别化措辞(即具有男性和女性主题的词,如与性别刻板印象相关的词)可能是一个迄今为止未被承认的、维持不平等的制度性机制。本研究采用档案分析和实验分析,证明了在传统上以男性为主导的职业中,招聘材料中常用的性别化措辞通常可以维持性别不平等。研究 1 和 2 表明,在随机抽取的一组招聘广告中存在微妙但系统的措辞差异。结果表明,男性主导领域的招聘广告使用了更多的男性化措辞(即与男性刻板印象相关的词,如领导、竞争、支配),而女性主导领域的广告则没有。在男性和女性主导领域,没有出现女性化措辞(即与女性刻板印象相关的词,如支持、理解、人际)的差异。接下来,通过 3 项实验研究测试了高度男性化措辞的后果。当招聘广告构建为包含更多的男性化措辞而不是女性化措辞时,参与者认为这些职业中有更多的男性(研究 3),重要的是,女性认为这些工作吸引力降低(研究 4 和 5)。结果证实,归属感的认知(而不是感知技能)中介了性别化措辞对工作吸引力的影响(研究 5)。讨论了性别化措辞在维持传统性别分工、对性别均等的影响以及不平等的理论模型中的作用。

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