Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 Aug;101(2):307-20. doi: 10.1037/a0023152.
Three studies demonstrated that a salient multicultural ideology increases hostile treatment of threatening outgroup interaction partners. The effect of multiculturalism on hostile behavior was evident regardless of whether threat was operationalized in terms of disagreement with an outgroup partner on important social issues (Studies 1 and 3) or rejection by the partner (Study 2). Moreover, the results clearly point to the learning orientation fostered by multiculturalism--as opposed to other factors such as enhanced other-focus, group-level attributions, or focus on differences--as the critical mediator of its effect on hostile behavior under threat. Thus, it appears that multiculturalism enhances the expression of hostility because it prompts individuals to really engage with and attach meaning and importance to threatening behaviors exhibited by outgroup members. The effects of multiculturalism were distinct from those of anti-racism and color-blindness, which set in motion processes that in many respects are directly opposite to those instantiated by multiculturalism. The findings highlight that the behavioral implications of multiculturalism may be quite different in conflictual interactions than they have previously been demonstrated to be in less threatening exchanges.
三项研究表明，突出的多元文化意识形态会增加对威胁性的外群体互动伙伴的敌意对待。无论威胁是通过与外群体伙伴在重要社会问题上的分歧（研究 1 和 3）还是伙伴的拒绝（研究 2）来操作化，多元文化主义对敌对行为的影响都是明显的。此外，研究结果清楚地表明，多元文化主义所促进的学习取向——而不是其他因素，如增强的对他人的关注、群体层面的归因或对差异的关注——是其在威胁下对敌对行为影响的关键中介。因此，多元文化主义似乎增强了敌意的表达，因为它促使个人真正参与并赋予外群体成员表现出的威胁性行为以意义和重要性。多元文化主义的影响与反种族主义和色盲不同，反种族主义和色盲启动的过程在许多方面与多元文化主义所体现的过程直接相反。这些发现强调，多元文化主义在冲突性互动中的行为影响可能与以前在威胁性较小的互动中所表现出的影响大不相同。
