Bornstein R F
Department of Psychology, Gettysburg College, PA 17325.
J Clin Psychol. 1990 Mar;46(2):201-10. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(199003)46:2<201::aid-jclp2270460214>3.0.co;2-g.
Meta-analysis that assessed the magnitude of behavior change produced by subliminal vs. supraliminal drive-related stimuli was performed on all subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) studies that employed both types of stimuli (N of studies = 11, N of subliminal-supraliminal comparisons = 43). The analysis revealed that subliminal presentation of drive-related stimuli produced significantly stronger effects on behavior than supraliminal presentation of the same stimuli. Stimulus content, type of outcome measure, and subject characteristics all influenced the magnitude of subliminal-supraliminal response differences. These results support Silverman's (1983) hypothesis that drive-related stimuli must be presented subliminally in order to produce SPA effects. Furthermore, given the pattern of subliminal-supraliminal effect sizes obtained, a partial cue hypothesis of SPA effects is not tenable. Implications of these findings for research that examines the restricting effects of awareness on responding to drive- and affect-related stimuli are discussed.
对所有使用了阈下和阈上驱力相关刺激的阈下心理动力激活（SPA）研究进行了荟萃分析，以评估阈下与阈上驱力相关刺激所产生的行为变化程度（研究数量N = 11，阈下-阈上比较数量 = 43）。分析表明，与相同刺激的阈上呈现相比，阈下呈现驱力相关刺激对行为产生的影响显著更强。刺激内容、结果测量类型和受试者特征均会影响阈下-阈上反应差异的程度。这些结果支持了西尔弗曼（1983）的假设，即驱力相关刺激必须阈下呈现才能产生SPA效应。此外，鉴于所获得的阈下-阈上效应量模式，SPA效应的部分线索假设并不成立。本文讨论了这些发现对研究意识对驱力和情感相关刺激反应的限制作用的意义。
