Department of Growth and Reproduction, Section 5064, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Environ Res. 2011 Jul;111(5):656-63. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.03.005. Epub 2011 Mar 22.
Phthalates are a group of chemicals with widespread use in the industrial production of numerous consumer products. They are suspected to be involved in male reproductive health problems and have also been associated with several other health problems in children including obesity and asthma.
To study the urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites in Danish children recruited from the general population, and to estimate the daily intake of phthalates in this segment of the population.
One 24 h urine sample and to consecutive first morning urine samples were collected from 129 healthy Danish children and adolescents (range 6-21 yrs). The concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites of 5 different phthalate diesters were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
The analyzed metabolites were detectable in almost all 24h urine samples. The median concentrations of monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) and the sums of the two monobutyl phthalate isoforms (∑MBP(i+n)), metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (∑DEHPm) and of di-iso-nonyl phthalate (∑DiNPm) were 29, 17, 111, 107 and 31 ng/mL, respectively. The youngest children were generally more exposed to phthalates than older children and adolescents (except diethyl phthalate (DEP)). Boys were more exposed than girls. The median estimated daily intake of phthalate diesters was: 4.29 (dibutyl phthalate isoforms (DBP(i+n))), 4.04 (DEHP), 1.70 (DiNP), 1.09 (DEP) and 0.62 (butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP)), all calculated as μg/kg body weight/24h. Between 40% and 48% of the absolute amount of phthalate metabolites excreted over 24h were excreted in first morning urine voids.
Danish children are exposed simultaneously to multiple phthalates. The highest exposure levels were found for DBP(i+n) and DEHP, which in animal models are the known most potent anti-androgenic phthalates. The combined exposure to the two isoforms of DBP, which have similar endocrine-disrupting potencies in animal models, exceeded the TDI for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) in several of the younger children.
邻苯二甲酸酯是一组在众多消费品的工业生产中广泛使用的化学物质。它们被怀疑与男性生殖健康问题有关，也与儿童的其他一些健康问题有关，包括肥胖和哮喘。
研究丹麦普通人群中招募的儿童尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的排泄情况，并估算该人群中邻苯二甲酸酯的日摄入量。
从 129 名健康丹麦儿童和青少年（年龄 6-21 岁）中收集了 1 份 24 小时尿液样本和连续 2 份晨尿样本。采用液相色谱-串联质谱法分析了 5 种邻苯二甲酸二酯 11 种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的浓度。
几乎所有 24 小时尿液样本都可检测到分析代谢物。单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯（MEP）、单苄基邻苯二甲酸酯（MBzP）和两种单丁基邻苯二甲酸酯异构体的总和（∑MBP（i+n））、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（∑DEHPm）和邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（∑DiNPm）的浓度中位数分别为 29、17、111、107 和 31ng/mL。年龄最小的儿童一般比年龄较大的儿童和青少年（除邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）外）接触的邻苯二甲酸酯更多。男孩比女孩接触的邻苯二甲酸酯更多。邻苯二甲酸二酯的估计日摄入量中位数为：二丁基邻苯二甲酸酯异构体（DBP（i+n））4.29μg/kg 体重/24h、DEHP4.04μg/kg 体重/24h、DiNP1.70μg/kg 体重/24h、DEP1.09μg/kg 体重/24h 和 BBzP1.09μg/kg 体重/24h。24 小时内排泄的邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物中，有 40%至 48%的绝对量在第一次晨尿中排出。
丹麦儿童同时接触多种邻苯二甲酸酯。DBP（i+n）和 DEHP 的暴露水平最高，在动物模型中，这两种物质是已知的最有效的抗雄激素邻苯二甲酸酯。两种 DBPl 异构体的联合暴露，其在动物模型中的内分泌干扰潜力相似，在一些年幼的儿童中超过了二正丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（DnBP）的 TDI。
