School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2011 Feb;33(1):75-102. doi: 10.1123/jsep.33.1.75.
Research in self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2002) has shown that satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs in sport contexts is associated with enhanced engagement, performance, and well-being. This article outlines the initial development of a multidimensional measure designed to assess psychological need thwarting, an under-studied area of conceptual and practical importance. Study 1 generated a pool of items designed to tap the negative experiential state that occurs when athletes perceive their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness to be actively undermined. Study 2 tested the factorial structure of the questionnaire using confirmatory factor analysis. The supported model comprised 3 factors, which represented the hypothesized interrelated dimensions of need thwarting. The model was refined and cross-validated using an independent sample in Study 3. Overall, the psychological need thwarting scale (PNTS) demonstrated good content, factorial, and predictive validity, as well as internal consistency and invariance across gender, sport type, competitive level, and competitive experience. The conceptualization of psychological need thwarting is discussed, and suggestions are made regarding the use of the PNTS in research pertaining to the darker side of sport participation.
自我决定理论的研究（Ryan 和 Deci，2002）表明，在运动情境中满足自主性、能力和关联性需求与增强参与度、表现和幸福感有关。本文概述了一种多维测量工具的初步发展，该工具旨在评估被忽视的心理需求，这是一个概念和实践上都很重要但研究不足的领域。研究 1 产生了一组旨在挖掘运动员感知到自主性、能力和关联性需求受到积极破坏时所产生的消极体验状态的项目。研究 2 使用验证性因素分析检验了问卷的因子结构。支持的模型包括 3 个因素，代表了假设的需求受挫的相互关联维度。在研究 3 中，使用独立样本对模型进行了细化和交叉验证。总体而言，心理需求受挫量表（PNTS）表现出良好的内容、因子和预测有效性，以及内部一致性和性别、运动类型、竞技水平和竞技经验的不变性。对心理需求受挫的概念化进行了讨论，并就 PNTS 在与运动参与的阴暗面有关的研究中的使用提出了建议。
