Department of Biological Sciences, Alberta Water and Environmental Science Bldg, 4401 University Dr. W., University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
J Appl Toxicol. 2011 May;31(4):285-311. doi: 10.1002/jat.1660.
Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used in personal care, veterinary, industrial and household products. TCS is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, as it is only partially removed during the wastewater treatment process. Sorption, biodegradation and photolytic degradation mitigate the availability of TCS to aquatic biota; however the by-products such as methyltriclosan and other chlorinated phenols may be more resistant to degradation and have higher toxicity than the parent compound. The continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS, coupled with its bioaccumulation potential, have led to detectable levels of the antimicrobial in a number of aquatic species. TCS has been also detected in breast milk, urine and plasma, with levels of TCS in the blood correlating with consumer use patterns of the antimicrobial. Mammalian systemic toxicity studies indicate that TCS is neither acutely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nor a developmental toxicant. Recently, however, concern has been raised over TCS's potential for endocrine disruption, as the antimicrobial has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and possibly the reproductive axis. Moreover, there is strong evidence that aquatic species such as algae, invertebrates and certain types of fish are much more sensitive to TCS than mammals. TCS is highly toxic to algae and exerts reproductive and developmental effects in some fish. The potential for endocrine disruption and antibiotic cross-resistance highlights the importance of the judicious use of TCS, whereby the use of TCS should be limited to applications where it has been shown to be effective.
三氯生[5-氯-2-（2,4-二氯苯氧基）苯酚；TCS]是一种广谱抗菌剂，用于个人护理、兽医、工业和家用产品。TCS 通常在水生生态系统中被检测到，因为它在废水处理过程中仅部分被去除。吸附、生物降解和光解降解减轻了 TCS 对水生生物群的可用性；然而，副产物如甲基三氯生和其他氯代酚类可能更难降解，毒性比母体化合物更高。水生生物持续暴露于 TCS 以及其生物蓄积潜力，导致许多水生物种中都检测到了这种抗菌剂。TCS 也已在母乳、尿液和血浆中被检测到，血液中的 TCS 水平与抗菌剂的消费者使用模式相关。哺乳动物系统毒性研究表明，TCS 既不是急性毒性、致突变性、致癌性，也不是发育毒性物质。然而，最近人们对 TCS 潜在的内分泌干扰作用表示担忧，因为该抗菌剂已被证明会破坏甲状腺激素稳态并可能破坏生殖轴。此外，有强有力的证据表明，藻类、无脊椎动物和某些类型的鱼类等水生物种比哺乳动物对 TCS 更为敏感。TCS 对藻类具有高度毒性，并对某些鱼类产生生殖和发育影响。内分泌干扰和抗生素交叉耐药的可能性突出了明智使用 TCS 的重要性，即应将 TCS 的使用限于已证明有效的应用。
