Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(15):1443-9. doi: 10.2174/138161211796197070.
Opioid medications are increasingly used to treat chronic pain. Opioid-associated respiratory depression, and their potential to cause nocturnal apneas, is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to nocturnal hypoxemia and sleep-disordered breathing. Given the widespread use of opioids, understanding their mechanism of action and their potential to cause adverse effects particularly during sleep is critical. This article reviews the salient features of the physiologic control of respiration and sleep, and the role opioids play in altering that regulation. Additionally, we summarize the evidence regarding the association between opioid use and sleep-disordered breathing and explore treatment modalities for opioid-associated nocturnal respiratory depression and apneas.
阿片类药物越来越多地被用于治疗慢性疼痛。阿片类药物相关的呼吸抑制，以及它们导致夜间呼吸暂停的潜力，已被越来越多地认识到是导致夜间低氧血症和睡眠呼吸障碍的一个主要原因。鉴于阿片类药物的广泛使用，了解它们的作用机制及其在睡眠期间产生不良反应的潜力至关重要。本文综述了呼吸和睡眠的生理控制的显著特征，以及阿片类药物在改变这种调节中的作用。此外，我们总结了阿片类药物使用与睡眠呼吸障碍之间关联的证据，并探讨了治疗阿片类药物相关夜间呼吸抑制和呼吸暂停的方法。
