Hogarth Lee, Chase Henry W
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK.
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2011 Jul;37(3):261-76. doi: 10.1037/a0022913.
Dual-process theories of learning and addiction propose that whereas freely elected drug/reward-seeking is goal-directed in being mediated by the expected value of the outcome, cue-elicited drug/reward-seeking is habitual in being elicited directly by antecedent stimuli, without retrieving a representation of outcome value. To substantiate this claim, the current study conducted a human devaluation-transfer procedure in which young adult smokers were first trained on a concurrent choice task to earn tobacco and chocolate points before one outcome was devalued by specific satiety or health warnings against consumption of that outcome. When choice was again tested in extinction, the selective reduction in performance of the action associated with the devalued outcome indicated that choice was controlled by an expectation of outcome value, that is, was goal-directed. Moreover, the presentation of tobacco and chocolate cues enhanced selection of the response associated with that outcome, indicating that transfer was also mediated by the retrieval of the outcome representation. Paradoxically, however, the magnitude of this transfer effect was unaffected by devaluation, indicating that the stimulus retrieved a representation of outcome identity but not current incentive value. Individual differences in tobacco dependence in the young adult sample were associated with tobacco preference in the concurrent choice task but not with the devaluation or transfer effects. These data accord with dual-process theories in suggesting that drug/reward-seeking are mediated by goal-directed and habitual controllers under freely elected and cued conditions, respectively, and that initial uptake of drug use is associated with hyper-valuation of the drug as an outcome of goal-directed drug-seeking rather than with accelerated habit formation.
学习与成瘾的双过程理论提出，尽管自由选择的药物/寻求奖励行为是由结果的预期价值介导的目标导向行为，但线索引发的药物/寻求奖励行为是由先前刺激直接引发的习惯性行为，无需检索结果价值的表征。为了证实这一观点，本研究进行了一项人类贬值转移程序，其中年轻成年吸烟者首先在一项同时选择任务中接受训练，以赚取烟草和巧克力积分，然后通过特定饱腹感或针对该结果消费的健康警告使其中一个结果贬值。当在消退中再次测试选择时，与贬值结果相关的行为表现的选择性降低表明，选择是由结果价值的预期控制的，即目标导向的。此外，烟草和巧克力线索的呈现增强了与该结果相关的反应的选择，表明转移也由结果表征的检索介导。然而，矛盾的是，这种转移效应的大小不受贬值的影响，表明刺激检索到的是结果身份的表征，而不是当前的激励价值。年轻成年样本中烟草依赖的个体差异与同时选择任务中的烟草偏好相关，但与贬值或转移效应无关。这些数据与双过程理论一致，表明药物/寻求奖励行为分别在自由选择和线索条件下由目标导向和习惯性控制机制介导，并且药物使用的初始摄取与作为目标导向药物寻求结果的药物过度评价相关，而不是与加速的习惯形成相关。
