Hogarth Lee, He Zhimin, Chase Henry W, Wills Andy J, Troisi Joseph, Leventhal Adam M, Mathew Amanda R, Hitsman Brian
School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK,
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Sep;232(17):3235-47. doi: 10.1007/s00213-015-3977-z. Epub 2015 Jun 5.
Two theories explain how negative mood primes smoking behaviour. The stimulus-response (S-R) account argues that in the negative mood state, smoking is experienced as more reinforcing, establishing a direct (automatic) association between the negative mood state and smoking behaviour. By contrast, the incentive learning account argues that in the negative mood state smoking is expected to be more reinforcing, which integrates with instrumental knowledge of the response required to produce that outcome.
One differential prediction is that whereas the incentive learning account anticipates that negative mood induction could augment a novel tobacco-seeking response in an extinction test, the S-R account could not explain this effect because the extinction test prevents S-R learning by omitting experience of the reinforcer.
To test this, overnight-deprived daily smokers (n = 44) acquired two instrumental responses for tobacco and chocolate points, respectively, before smoking to satiety. Half then received negative mood induction to raise the expected value of tobacco, opposing satiety, whilst the remainder received positive mood induction. Finally, a choice between tobacco and chocolate was measured in extinction to test whether negative mood could augment tobacco choice, opposing satiety, in the absence of direct experience of tobacco reinforcement.
Negative mood induction not only abolished the devaluation of tobacco choice, but participants with a significant increase in negative mood increased their tobacco choice in extinction, despite satiety.
These findings suggest that negative mood augments drug-seeking by raising the expected value of the drug through incentive learning, rather than through automatic S-R control.
有两种理论解释负面情绪如何引发吸烟行为。刺激-反应（S-R）理论认为，在负面情绪状态下，吸烟被体验为更具强化作用，从而在负面情绪状态与吸烟行为之间建立直接（自动）关联。相比之下，诱因学习理论认为，在负面情绪状态下，吸烟预计会更具强化作用，这与产生该结果所需反应的工具性知识相结合。
一个不同的预测是，虽然诱因学习理论预计负面情绪诱导会在消退测试中增强一种新的寻求烟草反应，但S-R理论无法解释这种效应，因为消退测试通过省略强化物体验来阻止S-R学习。
为了对此进行测试，每天吸烟且夜间禁食的吸烟者（n = 44）在吸烟至饱腹感之前，分别获得了两种获取烟草和巧克力积分的工具性反应。然后，一半参与者接受负面情绪诱导以提高烟草的预期价值，对抗饱腹感，而其余参与者接受正面情绪诱导。最后，在消退阶段测量烟草和巧克力之间的选择，以测试在没有烟草强化直接体验的情况下，负面情绪是否会增强烟草选择，对抗饱腹感。
负面情绪诱导不仅消除了对烟草选择的贬值，而且负面情绪显著增加的参与者在消退阶段增加了他们对烟草的选择，尽管已经有饱腹感。
这些发现表明，负面情绪通过诱因学习提高药物的预期价值来增强对药物的寻求，而不是通过自动的S-R控制。
