Loyd Andre M, Nightingale Roger, Bass Cameron R, Mertz Harold J, Frush Donald, Daniel Clark, Lee Calvin, Marcus Jeffrey R, Mukundan Srinivasan, Myers Barry S
Injury & Orthopaedics Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Duke University Room 136 Hudson Hall Box 90281 Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA.
Stapp Car Crash J. 2010 Nov;54:167-96. doi: 10.4271/2010-22-0009.
Child head trauma in the United States is responsible for 30% of all childhood injury deaths with costs estimated at $10 billion per year. The common tools for studying this problem are the child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs). The headform sizes and structural properties of child ATDs are based on various anthropometric studies and scaled Hybrid III mass and center of gravity (CG) properties. The goals of this study were to produce pediatric head and skull contours, provide estimates of pediatric head mass, mass moment of inertia and CG locations, and compare the head contours with the current child ATD head designs. To that end, computer tomography (CT) scans from one hundred eighty-five children in twelve age groups were analyzed to develop three-dimensional head and skull contours. The contours were averaged to estimate head and skull contours for children aged 1-month to 10-years. Inertial properties were estimated from a small sample of post- mortem human subjects (PMHSs). This paper provides new equations for estimating the moments of inertia and anatomical landmarks in the head. There were reasonable agreement between the estimates for head masses obtained from analysis of the CT scans of the PMHS heads and the estimates obtained using the volumetric scaling rule used in ATD design work. The regression of the pediatric head sizes was found to be non-linear, with different regression slope for ages 1M to 18M and 18M to 120M. The 12M CRABI and 36M Hybrid III heads were found to be different by 10 and 18mm, respectively, from the average human CT contours due to the differences in the occipital condyle placement relative to the nasion.
在美国，儿童头部创伤占所有儿童伤害死亡人数的30%，估计每年造成的损失达100亿美元。研究这一问题的常用工具是儿童人体模拟试验装置（ATD）。儿童ATD的头型尺寸和结构特性基于各种人体测量学研究，并按比例缩放了混合III型的质量和重心（CG）特性。本研究的目的是生成儿科头部和颅骨轮廓，提供儿科头部质量、转动惯量和重心位置的估计值，并将头部轮廓与当前儿童ATD头部设计进行比较。为此，分析了12个年龄组的185名儿童的计算机断层扫描（CT），以生成三维头部和颅骨轮廓。将这些轮廓进行平均，以估计1个月至10岁儿童的头部和颅骨轮廓。惯性特性是从一小部分死后人体受试者（PMHS）样本中估计出来的。本文提供了用于估计头部转动惯量和解剖标志的新方程。通过对PMHS头部CT扫描分析获得的头部质量估计值与ATD设计工作中使用的体积缩放规则获得的估计值之间存在合理的一致性。发现儿科头部尺寸的回归是非线性的，1个月至18个月和18个月至120个月的回归斜率不同。由于枕髁相对于鼻根的位置不同，发现12个月大的CRABI头部和36个月大的混合III型头部分别比平均人体CT轮廓相差10毫米和18毫米。
