Cell & Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany.
New Phytol. 2011 Jul;191(2):319-333. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03737.x. Epub 2011 Apr 21.
Summary 319 I. Introduction 320 II. The cell biology and biophysics of growth 320 III. Timing is everything: what determines when proliferation gives way to expansion? 323 IV. Anisotropic growth and the importance of polarity 325 V. How does organ identity and developmental patterning modulate growth behaviour? 326 VI. Coordination of growth at different scales 327 VII. Conclusions 329 Acknowledgements 329 References 330
The growth of plant organs is under genetic control. Work in model species has identified a considerable number of genes that regulate different aspects of organ growth. This has led to an increasingly detailed knowledge about how the basic cellular processes underlying organ growth are controlled, and which factors determine when proliferation gives way to expansion, with this transition emerging as a critical decision point during primordium growth. Progress has been made in elucidating the genetic basis of allometric growth and the role of tissue polarity in shaping organs. We are also beginning to understand how the mechanisms that determine organ identity influence local growth behaviour to generate organs with characteristic sizes and shapes. Lastly, growth needs to be coordinated at several levels, for example between different cell layers and different regions within one organ, and the genetic basis for such coordination is being elucidated. However, despite these impressive advances, a number of basic questions are still not fully answered, for example, whether and how a growing primordium keeps track of its size. Answering these questions will likely depend on including additional approaches that are gaining in power and popularity, such as combined live imaging and modelling.
总结 319 I. 引言 320 II. 生长的细胞生物学和生物物理学 320 III. 时机至关重要：是什么决定了增殖何时让位于扩张？ 323 IV. 各向异性生长和极性的重要性 325 V. 器官身份和发育模式如何调节生长行为？ 326 VI. 不同尺度的生长协调 327 VII. 结论 329 致谢 329 参考文献 330
植物器官的生长受遗传控制。在模式物种中的工作已经确定了相当数量的基因，这些基因调控器官生长的不同方面。这导致了对基础细胞过程如何控制器官生长的更详细的了解，以及哪些因素决定了增殖何时让位于扩张，这个过渡成为原基生长中的一个关键决策点。在阐明异速生长的遗传基础和组织极性在塑造器官形状方面的作用方面已经取得了进展。我们也开始了解决定器官身份的机制如何影响局部生长行为，从而产生具有特征大小和形状的器官。最后，生长需要在几个层次上进行协调，例如不同细胞层之间和一个器官内的不同区域之间，正在阐明这种协调的遗传基础。然而，尽管取得了这些令人印象深刻的进展，但仍有几个基本问题尚未得到充分回答，例如，一个生长的原基是否以及如何跟踪其大小。回答这些问题可能取决于包括一些新的方法，这些方法正在变得越来越强大和流行，例如，结合活细胞成像和建模。
