Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2011 Aug 15;13:157-84. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124724.
This review presents the state of the art of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided nanorobotic systems that can perform diagnostic, curative, and reconstructive treatments in the human body at the cellular and subcellular levels in a controllable manner. The concept of an MRI-guided nanorobotic system is based on the use of an MRI scanner to induce the required external driving forces to propel magnetic nanocapsules to a specific target. It is an active targeting mechanism that provides simultaneous propulsion and imaging capabilities, which allow the implementation of real-time feedback control of the targeting process. The architecture of the system comprises four main modules: (a) the nanocapsules, (b) the MRI propulsion module, (c) the MRI tracking module (for image processing), and (d) the controller module. A key concept is the nanocapsule technology, which is based on carriers such as liposomes, polymer micelles, gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, metallic nanoshells, and carbon nanotubes. Descriptions of the significant challenges faced by the MRI-guided nanorobotic system are presented, and promising solutions proposed by the involved research community are discussed. Emphasis is placed on reviewing the limitations imposed by the scaling effects that dominate within the blood vessels and also on reviewing the control algorithms and computational tools that have been developed for real-time propulsion and tracking of the nanocapsules.
这篇综述介绍了磁共振成像（MRI）引导的纳米机器人系统的最新进展，这些系统可以在人体内部以可控的方式在细胞和亚细胞水平上进行诊断、治疗和重建治疗。MRI 引导的纳米机器人系统的概念基于利用 MRI 扫描仪来产生所需的外部驱动力，以将磁性纳米胶囊推进到特定的目标。这是一种主动靶向机制，提供了同时推进和成像的能力，允许对靶向过程进行实时反馈控制。该系统的架构包括四个主要模块：（a）纳米胶囊，（b）MRI 推进模块，（c）MRI 跟踪模块（用于图像处理）和（d）控制器模块。一个关键概念是基于脂质体、聚合物胶束、金纳米粒子、量子点、金属纳米壳和碳纳米管等载体的纳米胶囊技术。本文介绍了 MRI 引导的纳米机器人系统所面临的重大挑战，并讨论了相关研究领域提出的有前途的解决方案。重点介绍了在血管内占主导地位的缩放效应所带来的限制，以及为纳米胶囊的实时推进和跟踪而开发的控制算法和计算工具。
