Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
Infect Immun. 2011 Jul;79(7):2755-63. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01375-10. Epub 2011 May 9.
In commercial poultry production, there is a lack of natural flora providers since chickens are hatched in the clean environment of a hatchery. Events occurring soon after hatching are therefore of particular importance, and that is why we were interested in the development of the gut microbial community, the immune response to natural microbial colonization, and the response to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection as a function of chicken age. The complexity of chicken gut microbiota gradually increased from day 1 to day 19 of life and consisted of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. For the first 3 days of life, chicken cecum was protected by increased expression of chicken β-defensins (i.e., gallinacins 1, 2, 4, and 6), expression of which dropped from day 4 of life. On the other hand, a transient increase in interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-17 expression could be observed in chicken cecum on day 4 of life, indicating physiological inflammation and maturation of the gut immune system. In agreement, the response of chickens infected with S. Enteritidis on days 1, 4, and 16 of life shifted from Th1 (characterized mainly by induction of gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]), observed in younger chickens, to Th17, observed in 16-day-old chickens (characterized mainly by IL-17 induction). Active modification of chicken gut microbiota in the future may accelerate or potentiate the maturation of the gut immune system and increase its resistance to infection with different pathogens.
在商业家禽生产中，由于鸡是在孵化场的清洁环境中孵化的，因此缺乏天然菌群提供者。因此，孵化后不久发生的事件尤为重要，这就是为什么我们对肠道微生物群落的发展、对自然微生物定植的免疫反应以及对肠炎沙门氏菌血清型肠炎感染的反应感兴趣，这些都与鸡的年龄有关。鸡肠道微生物群的复杂性从第 1 天到第 19 天逐渐增加，由变形菌门和厚壁菌门组成。在生命的前 3 天，鸡盲肠受到鸡β-防御素（即鸡防御素 1、2、4 和 6）表达增加的保护，这种表达从生命的第 4 天开始下降。另一方面，在生命的第 4 天，鸡盲肠中可以观察到白细胞介素-8（IL-8）和白细胞介素-17（IL-17）表达的短暂增加，表明肠道免疫系统的生理性炎症和成熟。同样，在生命的第 1、4 和 16 天感染肠炎沙门氏菌的鸡的反应从 Th1（主要表现为γ干扰素[IFN-γ]和诱导型一氧化氮合酶[iNOS]的诱导）转变为 Th17，这在 16 日龄鸡中观察到（主要由 IL-17 诱导）。未来对鸡肠道微生物群的主动修饰可能会加速或增强肠道免疫系统的成熟，并提高其对不同病原体感染的抵抗力。
