Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
Vet Parasitol. 2011 Sep 8;181(1):43-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.022. Epub 2011 Apr 19.
Cystic echinococcosis occurs in most regions of sub-Saharan Africa, but the frequency of this zoonosis differs considerably among and within countries. Especially human cases seem to be focally distributed. A number of environmental and behavioural factors partially explain this pattern, i.e. density of livestock, presence of dogs, uncontrolled slaughter, and hygiene. In addition, the various taxa of Echinococcus spp. are known to differ considerably in infectivity to different host species including humans. Genetic characterizations of isolates, which are necessary to evaluate the impact of this factor - so far done in only a few countries - indicate that the diversity of Echinococcus spp. in Sub-Saharan Africa is greater than on any other continent. The very incomplete data which are available show that sympatrical taxa may infect different hosts, others may be geographically restricted, some life cycles involve livestock, others wild animals. Possible implications of this complexity for public health, livestock economy and conservation are briefly discussed.
非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地区的大多数地区都有包虫病,但这种人畜共患病在各国和各地区的流行频率有很大差异。特别是人类病例似乎呈局部分布。一些环境和行为因素部分解释了这种模式,即牲畜密度、狗的存在、不受控制的屠宰和卫生条件。此外,棘球蚴属的不同种在对包括人类在内的不同宿主物种的感染性方面有很大差异。对分离株进行遗传特征分析对于评估这一因素的影响是必要的 - 迄今为止,仅在少数几个国家进行了这一分析 - 表明非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地区棘球蚴属的多样性大于其他任何大陆。现有的非常不完整的数据表明,共生种可能感染不同的宿主,其他种可能在地理上受到限制,一些生活史涉及家畜,另一些涉及野生动物。简要讨论了这种复杂性对公共卫生、畜牧业经济和保护的可能影响。