Eckert J
Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, WHO Collaborating Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses and Swiss National Centre for Echinococcosis, Switzerland.
Parassitologia. 1997 Dec;39(4):337-44.
Two species of Echinococcus are known to occur in central Europe, namely E. multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus, causing the alveolar and the cystic form of echinococcosis in humans, respectively. Recent studies have shown that in central Europe E. multilocularis occurs further north, south and east than previously anticipated. This parasite is endemic in Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic. The prevalence rates of E. multilocularis in foxes are alarmingly high in some areas with average rates > 40%. Infection rates in dogs and cats are much lower. In recent years accidental infections with the metacestode stage of E. multilocularis have been observed in various animal species (dog, domestic pig, wild boar, nutria and monkeys) and in humans. The mean annual incidence rates of alveolar echinococcosis in humans are low varying between 0.02 and 1.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in several European countries and regions. For monitoring of the infection in final host populations new techniques are now available, notably the coproantigen ELISA and for selected cases also egg detection by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. E. granulosus has an uneven geographical distribution in Europe with very low prevalence rates in some of the northern and central European countries, with medium endemicity in others and high endemicity in areas of southern and eastern Europe. Cystic echinococcosis in humans is still a significant public health problem, predominantly in the Mediterranean area. Up to now five strains of E. granulosus have been identified in central Europe which differ in their life cycles as well as in morphological, biochemical, genetic and some other features. Several molecular techniques are now available which allow the identification of Echinococcus species and certain strains using genetic markers. Epidemiological evidence and molecular studies indicate that the so-called sheep, cattle, and cervid strains of E. granulosus are infective to humans whereas the horse strain may have no or low infectivity. Polish patients were found to be infected with E. granulosus similar to a pig strain.
已知在中欧有两种棘球绦虫，即多房棘球绦虫和细粒棘球绦虫，它们分别在人类中引发泡型和囊型棘球蚴病。最近的研究表明，在中欧，多房棘球绦虫的分布范围比之前预期的更靠北、南和东。这种寄生虫在比利时、卢森堡、法国、瑞士、列支敦士登、奥地利、德国、波兰和捷克共和国呈地方性流行。在一些地区，狐狸体内多房棘球绦虫的感染率高得惊人，平均感染率超过40%。狗和猫的感染率则低得多。近年来，在各种动物物种（狗、家猪、野猪、海狸鼠和猴子）以及人类中都观察到了多房棘球绦虫中绦期的意外感染。在几个欧洲国家和地区，人类泡型棘球蚴病的年平均发病率较低，每10万居民中为0.02至1.4例。现在有了用于监测终末宿主群体感染情况的新技术，特别是粪抗原酶联免疫吸附测定法，对于某些选定病例还可通过聚合酶链反应检测虫卵。细粒棘球绦虫在欧洲的地理分布不均衡，在一些北欧和中欧国家感染率极低，在其他国家为中等地方性流行，在南欧和东欧地区为高地方性流行。人类囊型棘球蚴病仍然是一个重大的公共卫生问题，主要在地中海地区。到目前为止，在中欧已鉴定出五株细粒棘球绦虫，它们在生命周期以及形态、生化、遗传和其他一些特征方面存在差异。现在有几种分子技术可用于利用遗传标记鉴定棘球绦虫的种类和某些菌株。流行病学证据和分子研究表明，所谓的细粒棘球绦虫的羊、牛和鹿菌株可感染人类，而马菌株可能没有感染性或感染性较低。发现波兰患者感染的细粒棘球绦虫与猪菌株相似。
