Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
Livestock Laboratory, Regional Government of Álava, Ctra. de Azua 4, 01520 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
Vet Parasitol. 2014 May 28;202(3-4):69-94. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Mar 15.
Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by helminths of the genus Echinococcus. The infection, one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases listed by the World Health Organization, has a cosmopolitan distribution and can be transmitted through a variety of domestic, synanthropic, and sylvatic cycles. Wildlife has been increasingly regarded as a relevant source of infection to humans, as demonstrated by the fact that a significant proportion of human emerging infectious diseases have a wildlife origin. Based on available epidemiological and molecular evidence, of the nine Echinococcus species currently recognized as valid taxa, E. canadensis G8-G10, E. felidis, E. multilocularis, E. oligarthrus, E. shiquicus, and E. vogeli are primarily transmitted in the wild. E. canadensis G6-G7, E. equinus, E. granulosus s.s., and E. ortleppi are considered to be transmitted mainly through domestic cycles. We summarize here current knowledge on the global epidemiology, geographical distribution and genotype frequency of Echinococcus spp. in wild carnivorous species. Topics addressed include the significance of the wildlife/livestock/human interface, the sympatric occurrence of different Echinococcus species in a given epidemiological scenario, and the role of wildlife as natural reservoir of disease to human and domestic animal populations. We have also discussed the impact that human activity and intervention may cause in the transmission dynamics of echinococcosis, including the human population expansion an encroachment on shrinking natural habitats, the increasing urbanization of wildlife carnivorous species and the related establishment of synanthropic cycles of Echinococcus spp., the land use (e.g. deforestation and agricultural practices), and the unsupervised international trade and translocation of wildlife animals. Following the 'One Health' approach, we have also emphasized that successful veterinary public health interventions in the field of echinococcosis requires an holistic approach to integrate current knowledge on human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental sciences.
包虫病是一种由棘球属寄生虫引起的人畜共患寄生虫病。这种传染病被世界卫生组织列为 17 种被忽视的热带病之一，分布广泛，可通过多种家养、共生和森林循环传播。野生动物越来越被认为是人类感染的相关来源，因为事实上，很大一部分人类新发传染病都有野生动物的起源。根据现有的流行病学和分子证据，在目前被认为有效的 9 种棘球蚴物种中，E. canadensis G8-G10、E. felidis、E. multilocularis、E. oligarthrus、E. shiquicus 和 E. vogeli 主要在野外传播。E. canadensis G6-G7、E. equinus、E. granulosus s.s. 和 E. ortleppi 被认为主要通过家养循环传播。我们在这里总结了棘球属在野生食肉动物中的全球流行病学、地理分布和基因型频率的最新知识。讨论的主题包括野生动物/家畜/人类界面的重要性、给定流行病学情况下不同棘球蚴种的共存、以及野生动物作为疾病自然储存库对人类和家畜种群的作用。我们还讨论了人类活动和干预可能对包虫病传播动态造成的影响，包括人口扩张和自然栖息地缩小、野生动物食肉动物的城市化程度不断提高以及相关的棘球属共生循环的建立、土地利用（如森林砍伐和农业实践）以及野生动物动物的不受监管的国际贸易和转移。我们遵循“同一健康”方法，还强调了在包虫病领域成功实施兽医公共卫生干预措施需要采取整体方法，将人类医学、兽医学和环境科学的现有知识结合起来。
