Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Acta Trop. 2012 Feb;121(2):85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.04.017. Epub 2011 May 6.
Bashagard is an important malaria endemic area in south of Iran. An epidemiological and entomological survey was performed during 2002-2010. The aim of study was to determine malaria situation, species composition of anopheline mosquitoes and susceptibility status of main vectors to insecticides/larvicides. A total of 13,490 malaria cases were recorded, Plasmodium vivax (99.64%), P. falciparum (0.35%) and mix cases (0.01%). The highest and lowest Annual Parasite Incidence (API) were observed in 2007 (145.72/1000) and 2009 (6.29/1000), respectively. Anopheles culicifacies, An. dthali, An. stephensi, An. superpictus, An. fluviatilis, An. moghulensis, An. turkhudi and An. apoci were collected from the area. Two peak activities occur in April and October. The first five species were confirmed as malaria vectors in Iran. No indication of sporozoite in mosquitoes using molecular method was performed. Susceptibility tests using diagnostic dose of insecticides and larvicides showed only resistance of An. stephensi to DDT. Tolerance in An. stephensi to deltamethrin and bendiocarb is reported. The same phenomenon was observed in An. culicifacies to DDT, propoxur and deltamethrin, and in An. dthali to malathion and deltamethrin. Larvae of vectors were susceptible to all larvicides, except for An. stephensi that exhibited tolerance to fenthion. In conclusion it should be emphasized that malaria transmission is a complex process in Bashagard. This event is attributed to five proven vectors with different behaviors which are active in the area. Regarding tolerance of vectors to deltamethrin, resistance management is suggested by using new insecticide with novel mode of action.
巴沙加尔德是伊朗南部的一个重要疟疾流行区。2002-2010 年期间进行了一项流行病学和昆虫学调查。本研究的目的是确定疟疾情况、按蚊种类组成以及主要媒介对杀虫剂/杀幼虫剂的敏感性状况。共记录了 13490 例疟疾病例，其中间日疟原虫（99.64%）、恶性疟原虫（0.35%）和混合病例（0.01%）。2007 年的年寄生虫发病率（API）最高（145.72/1000），2009 年最低（6.29/1000）。从该地区采集到了库蚊、达氏按蚊、斯氏按蚊、带纹按蚊、阿蚊、沼泽按蚊、塔氏按蚊和淡色库蚊。两种活动高峰分别出现在 4 月和 10 月。前五种被确认为伊朗的疟疾媒介。未使用分子方法在蚊子中发现疟原虫。使用诊断剂量的杀虫剂和杀幼虫剂进行的敏感性试验表明，只有斯氏按蚊对滴滴涕有抗药性。据报道，斯氏按蚊对溴氰菊酯和丙硫磷的耐受性以及库蚊对滴滴涕、残杀威和溴氰菊酯的耐受性。在达氏按蚊对马拉硫磷和溴氰菊酯以及在淡色库蚊对马拉硫磷和溴氰菊酯的抗性方面也观察到了同样的现象。除了对倍硫磷表现出耐受性外，媒介幼虫对所有杀幼虫剂均敏感。总之，应该强调的是，巴沙加尔德的疟疾传播是一个复杂的过程。这一事件归因于五种行为不同的已证实的媒介，它们在该地区活跃。鉴于媒介对溴氰菊酯的耐受性，建议使用具有新作用模式的新杀虫剂来进行抗药性管理。
