Brain Stimulation Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;70(1):19-27. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.031. Epub 2011 May 14.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a neuropsychiatric tool that can serve as a useful method to better understand the neurobiology of cognitive function, behavior, and emotional processing. The purpose of this article is to examine the utility of TMS as a means to measure neocortical function in neuropsychiatric disorders in general, and schizophrenia in particular, for the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia initiative. When incorporating TMS paradigms in research studies, methodologic considerations include technical aspects of TMS, cohort selection and confounding factors, and subject safety. Available evidence suggests benefits of TMS alone or in combination with neurophysiologic and neuroimaging methods, including positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional near infrared spectroscopy, magnetoencephalography, and electroencephalography, to explore neocortical function. With the multiple TMS techniques including single-pulse, paired-pulse, paired associative stimulation, and repetitive TMS and theta burst stimulation, combined with neurophysiologic and neuroimaging methods, there exists a plethora of TMS experimental paradigms to modulate neocortical physiologic processes. Specifically, TMS can measure cortical excitability, intracortical inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms, and local and network cortical plasticity. Coupled with functional and electrophysiologic modalities, TMS can provide insight into the mechanisms underlying healthy neurodevelopment and aging, as well as neuropsychiatric pathology. Thus, TMS could be a useful tool in the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia armamentarium of biomarker methods. Future investigations are warranted to optimize TMS methodologies for this purpose.
经颅磁刺激（TMS）是一种神经精神工具，可作为一种有用的方法来更好地理解认知功能、行为和情绪处理的神经生物学。本文的目的是检查 TMS 在神经精神障碍中的一般，特别是精神分裂症中的神经皮质功能的测量中的效用，用于改善精神分裂症认知的认知神经科学治疗研究倡议。在将 TMS 范式纳入研究中时，方法学考虑因素包括 TMS 的技术方面、队列选择和混杂因素以及受试者安全。现有证据表明 TMS 单独或与神经生理和神经影像学方法（包括正电子发射断层扫描、单光子发射计算机断层扫描、磁共振成像、功能磁共振成像、功能近红外光谱、脑磁图和脑电图）联合使用具有益处，以探索神经皮质功能。随着多种 TMS 技术（包括单脉冲、成对脉冲、成对关联刺激和重复 TMS 和 theta 爆发刺激）的出现，结合神经生理和神经影像学方法，存在大量的 TMS 实验范式来调节神经皮质生理过程。具体来说，TMS 可以测量皮质兴奋性、皮质内抑制和兴奋性机制以及局部和网络皮质可塑性。与功能和电生理模式相结合，TMS 可以深入了解健康神经发育和衰老以及神经精神病理学的机制。因此，TMS 可能是改善精神分裂症认知治疗研究中生物标志物方法武器库中的有用工具。未来的研究需要优化 TMS 方法学以达到这一目的。
