Division of Hypertension, Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
Hypertens Res. 2011 Jul;34(7):836-9. doi: 10.1038/hr.2011.55. Epub 2011 May 19.
Salt restriction is widely recommended for the prevention and management of hypertension. It is very important to reduce salt intake during childhood. This survey was conducted to investigate salt intake in Japanese children. The study subjects, totalling 1,424, comprised 3-year-old children who received health checkups conducted by a public health center. Using first-morning urine samples, urinary concentrations of sodium, potassium and creatinine were measured. Additionally, the participants' parents filled out a questionnaire regarding their children's dietary habits. Urinary sodium and potassium concentrations were 140 ± 67 and 67 ± 41 mmol l(-1), respectively. The estimated urinary sodium excretion values had a wide distribution, with a mean value of 75 ± 47 mmol per day (4.4 g per day of salt). Sodium excretion exceeded 100 and 200 mmol per day in 336 (24%) and 32 (2.2%) subjects, respectively. Urinary sodium excretion was significantly higher in children who had older siblings than in firstborn children (78 ± 49 vs. 72 ± 45 mmol per day, P < 0.05). The urinary sodium/potassium ratio was also higher in the former group (3.0 ± 2.7 vs. 2.7 ± 2.2, P < 0.01). Sodium excretion tended to be higher in children who ate daily snacks than in those who did not (76 ± 48 vs. 71 ± 44 mmol per day, P=0.07). In contrast, potassium excretion was significantly higher and the sodium/potassium ratio was lower in children who ate fruits daily than those who did not (39 ± 29 vs. 33 ± 23 mmol per day and 2.6 ± 2.0 vs. 3.2 ± 2.7, P < 0.01, respectively). These results suggest that excess salt intake occurs in a significant number of 3-year-old Japanese children. The presence of older siblings and dietary habits of eating snacks or fruits influence their sodium and potassium intake.
盐限制被广泛推荐用于预防和管理高血压。减少儿童时期的盐摄入量非常重要。本调查旨在研究日本儿童的盐摄入量。研究对象共 1424 名，包括在公共卫生中心接受健康检查的 3 岁儿童。使用晨尿样本，测量尿钠、钾和肌酐浓度。此外，参与者的父母填写了一份关于孩子饮食习惯的问卷。尿钠和钾浓度分别为 140±67 和 67±41mmol/L。估计的尿钠排泄值分布广泛，平均值为 75±47mmol/天（4.4g 盐/天）。有 336 名（24%）和 32 名（2.2%）儿童的尿钠排泄量分别超过 100mmol/天和 200mmol/天。有兄弟姐妹的儿童的尿钠排泄量明显高于第一胎儿童（78±49 与 72±45mmol/天，P<0.05）。前者组的尿钠/钾比值也较高（3.0±2.7 与 2.7±2.2，P<0.01）。每天吃零食的儿童尿钠排泄量较高（76±48 与 71±44mmol/天，P=0.07）。相反，每天吃水果的儿童的钾排泄量较高，尿钠/钾比值较低（39±29 与 33±23mmol/天和 2.6±2.0 与 3.2±2.7，P<0.01）。这些结果表明，相当数量的 3 岁日本儿童摄入过多的盐。有兄弟姐妹的存在以及吃零食或水果的饮食习惯会影响他们的钠和钾摄入量。
