Grimes Carley A, Riddell Lynn J, Campbell Karen J, Beckford Kelsey, Baxter Janet R, He Feng J, Nowson Caryl A
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
BMJ Open. 2017 Oct 30;7(10):e016639. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016639.
To examine sodium and potassium urinary excretion by socioeconomic status (SES), discretionary salt use habits and dietary sources of sodium and potassium in a sample of Australian schoolchildren.
Cross-sectional study.
Primary schools located in Victoria, Australia.
666 of 780 children aged 4-12 years who participated in the Salt and Other Nutrients in Children study returned a complete 24-hour urine collection.
24-hour urine collection for the measurement of sodium and potassium excretion and 24-hour dietary recall for the assessment of food sources. Parent and child reported use of discretionary salt. SES defined by parental highest level of education.
Participants were 9.3 years (95% CI 9.0 to 9.6) of age and 55% were boys. Mean urinary sodium and potassium excretion was 103 (95% CI 99 to 108) mmol/day (salt equivalent 6.1 g/day) and 47 (95% CI 45 to 49) mmol/day, respectively. Mean molar Na:K ratio was 2.4 (95% CI 2.3 to 2.5). 72% of children exceeded the age-specific upper level for sodium intake. After adjustment for age, sex and day of urine collection, children from a low socioeconomic background excreted 10.0 (95% CI 17.8 to 2.1) mmol/day more sodium than those of high socioeconomic background (p=0.04). The major sources of sodium were bread (14.8%), mixed cereal-based dishes (9.9%) and processed meat (8.5%). The major sources of potassium were dairy milk (11.5%), potatoes (7.1%) and fruit/vegetable juice (5.4%). Core foods provided 55.3% of dietary sodium and 75.5% of potassium while discretionary foods provided 44.7% and 24.5%, respectively.
For most children, sodium intake exceeds dietary recommendations and there is some indication that children of lower socioeconomic background have the highest intakes. Children are consuming about two times more sodium than potassium. To improve sodium and potassium intakes in schoolchildren, product reformulation of lower salt core foods combined with strategies that seek to reduce the consumption of discretionary foods are required.
在一组澳大利亚学童样本中，按社会经济地位（SES）、随意性食盐使用习惯以及钠和钾的膳食来源，研究尿钠和尿钾排泄情况。
横断面研究。
澳大利亚维多利亚州的小学。
参与“儿童体内的盐及其他营养物质”研究的780名4至12岁儿童中，有666名返回了完整的24小时尿液收集样本。
收集24小时尿液以测量钠和钾排泄量，并进行24小时饮食回顾以评估食物来源。家长和儿童报告随意性食盐的使用情况。SES由父母的最高教育水平定义。
参与者的年龄为9.3岁（95%置信区间9.0至9.6），55%为男孩。尿钠和尿钾排泄量的均值分别为103（95%置信区间99至108）mmol/天（盐当量6.1克/天）和47（95%置信区间45至49）mmol/天。钠钾摩尔比均值为2.4（95%置信区间2.3至2.5）。72%的儿童钠摄入量超过了特定年龄的上限。在对年龄、性别和尿液收集日期进行调整后，社会经济背景较低的儿童比社会经济背景较高的儿童每天多排泄10.0（95%置信区间17.8至2.1）mmol钠（p=0.04）。钠的主要来源是面包（14.8%）、混合谷物类菜肴（9.9%）和加工肉类（8.5%）。钾的主要来源是牛奶（11.5%）、土豆（7.1%）和果蔬汁（5.4%）。核心食物提供了55.3%的膳食钠和75.5%的钾，而随意性食物分别提供了44.7%和24.5%。
对于大多数儿童来说，钠摄入量超过了膳食建议量，并且有迹象表明社会经济背景较低的儿童摄入量最高。儿童摄入的钠比钾多约两倍。为了改善学童的钠和钾摄入量，需要对低盐核心食物进行产品重新配方，并结合旨在减少随意性食物消费的策略。
