University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
Physiol Behav. 2011 Sep 26;104(4):613-20. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.038. Epub 2011 May 3.
While epidemiological studies have revealed a strong positive relationship between the intake of dietary fat with total energy intake and body weight, laboratory-based studies investigating physiological effects of fat have demonstrated that the direct exposure of receptors in the oral cavity and small intestine to fat, specifically fatty acids (FAs), induces potent effects on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and gut peptide secretion that favor the suppression of appetite and energy intake. Recent studies in humans have demonstrated an association between a decreased ability to detect the presence of FAs in the oral cavity with increased energy intake and body mass index suggesting that impairment of oral fat sensing mechanisms may contribute to overeating and obesity. Furthermore, while sensing of the presence of FAs in the small intestine results in the modulation of GI motility, stimulation of GI hormone release, including cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY), and suppression of subsequent energy intake, recent data indicate that these effects of fat are attenuated in individuals with reduced oral sensitivity to fat, and following consumption of a high-fat diet. This review will focus on emerging knowledge about the physiological mechanisms that sense the presence of fat in both the oral cavity and the small intestine, and environmental factors, such as high-fat diet exposure and energy restriction, that may modulate sensitivity to nutrients, and thereby contribute to the regulation of appetite and body weight.
虽然流行病学研究揭示了饮食脂肪摄入量与总能量摄入和体重之间的强烈正相关关系，但基于实验室的研究调查了脂肪的生理效应，表明口腔和小肠中受体直接暴露于脂肪，特别是脂肪酸 (FA)，会对胃肠道 (GI) 蠕动和肠道肽分泌产生强烈影响，有利于抑制食欲和能量摄入。最近在人类中的研究表明，口腔中 FA 存在的检测能力下降与能量摄入和体重指数增加之间存在关联，这表明口腔脂肪感知机制的损伤可能导致暴饮暴食和肥胖。此外，尽管小肠中 FA 的存在感导致 GI 蠕动的调节、胃肠激素释放的刺激，包括胆囊收缩素 (CCK) 和肽 YY (PYY)，以及随后能量摄入的抑制，但最近的数据表明，在对脂肪的口腔敏感性降低的个体中，以及在高脂肪饮食后，这些脂肪的作用会减弱。这篇综述将重点介绍关于在口腔和小肠中感知脂肪存在的生理机制的新知识，以及环境因素，如高脂肪饮食暴露和能量限制，这些因素可能会调节对营养素的敏感性，从而有助于调节食欲和体重。
