Research Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Dev Psychol. 2011 Jul;47(4):1181-95. doi: 10.1037/a0023816.
We examined change and stability of the 3 personality types identified by Block and Block (1980) and studied their links with adjustment and relationships. We used data from a 5-wave study of 923 early-to-middle and 390 middle-to-late adolescents, thereby covering the ages of 12-20 years. In Study 1, systematic evidence for personality change was found, in that the number of overcontrollers and undercontrollers decreased, whereas the number of resilients increased. Undercontrol, in particular, was found to peak in early-to-middle adolescence. We also found substantial stability of personality types, because 73.5% of the adolescents had the same personality type across the 5 waves. Personality change was mainly characterized by 2 transitions: overcontrol → resiliency and undercontrol → resiliency. The transitional analyses implied that the resilient type serves more often as the end point of personality development in adolescence than do overcontrol and undercontrol. Analyses of the personality type trajectories also revealed that the majority of adolescents who change personality type across 5 years made only 1 transition. Study 2 revealed systematic differences between resilients and overcontrollers in anxiety. Stable resilients were less anxious over time than were stable overcontrollers. Further, change from overcontrol to the resilient type was accompanied by decreases in anxiety, whereas change from the resilient type to overcontrol was accompanied by an increase in anxiety. Similarly, systematic differences between personality types were found in the formation of intimate relationships.
我们研究了 Block 和 Block（1980）所识别的 3 种人格类型的变化和稳定性，并研究了它们与适应和关系的联系。我们使用了一项对 923 名早-中年和 390 名中-晚期青少年进行的 5 波研究的数据，从而涵盖了 12-20 岁的年龄。在研究 1 中，我们发现了人格变化的系统证据，即过度控制者和低自我控制者的数量减少，而弹性人格者的数量增加。特别是，低自我控制者在早-中年达到顶峰。我们还发现人格类型具有很大的稳定性，因为 73.5%的青少年在 5 波中具有相同的人格类型。人格变化主要表现为两种转变：过度控制→弹性和低自我控制→弹性。过渡分析表明，弹性类型在青春期的人格发展中更经常成为终点，而不是过度控制和低自我控制。人格类型轨迹的分析还表明，在 5 年内改变人格类型的大多数青少年只经历了一次转变。研究 2 揭示了弹性者和过度控制者在焦虑方面的系统差异。稳定的弹性者随着时间的推移焦虑程度较低，而稳定的过度控制者则相反。此外，从过度控制到弹性类型的转变伴随着焦虑的降低，而从弹性类型到过度控制的转变伴随着焦虑的增加。同样，在亲密关系的形成中，人格类型之间也存在系统差异。
