Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
Environ Geochem Health. 2012 Feb;34(1):141-50. doi: 10.1007/s10653-011-9397-z. Epub 2011 Jun 14.
The quality of drinking water (tap, ground, and spring) in Toyama Prefecture, Japan was assessed by studying quality indicators including major ions, total carbon, and trace metal levels. The physicochemical properties of the water tested were different depending on the water source. Major ion concentrations (Ca(2+), K(+), Si(4+), Mg(2+), Na(+), SO(4)(2-), HCO(3)(-), NO(3)(-), and Cl(-)) were determined by ion chromatography, and the results were used to generate Stiff diagrams in order to visually identify different water masses. Major ion concentrations were higher in ground water than in spring and tap water. The relationship between alkaline metals (Na(+) and K(+)), alkaline-earth metals (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)), and HCO(3)(-) showed little difference between deep and shallow ground water. Toyama ground, spring, and tap water were all the same type of water mass, called Ca-HCO(3). The calculated total dissolved solid values were below 300 mg/L for all water sources and met World Health Organization (WHO) water quality guidelines. Trace levels of As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, Zn, Sr, and Hg were detected in ground, spring, and tap water sources using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and their levels were below WHO and Japanese water quality standard limits. Volatile organic carbon compounds were quantified by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the measured concentrations met WHO and Japanese water quality guidelines. Total trihalomethanes (THMs) were the major contaminant detected in all natural drinking water sources, but the concentration was highest in tap water (37.27 ± 0.05 μg/L). Notably, THMs concentrations reached up to 1.1 ± 0.05 μg/L in deep ground water. The proposed model gives an accurate description of the organic, inorganic, and trace heavy metal indicators studied here and may be used in natural clean water quality management.
本研究通过测定主要离子、总碳和痕量金属水平等水质指标，评估了日本富山县的饮用水（自来水、地下水和泉水）质量。测试水样的理化性质因水源不同而有所差异。采用离子色谱法测定主要离子（Ca(2+)、K(+)、Si(4+)、Mg(2+)、Na(+)、SO(4)(2-)、HCO(3)(-)、NO(3)(-)和 Cl(-)）浓度，并利用这些结果生成 Stiff 图，以便直观地区分不同的水体。结果表明，地下水的主要离子浓度高于泉水和自来水。碱性金属（Na(+)和 K(+)）、碱土金属（Ca(2+)和 Mg(2+)）与 HCO(3)(-)之间的关系在浅层和深层地下水之间差异不大。富山的地下水、泉水和自来水均属于同一类型水体，称为 Ca-HCO(3)。所有水样的总溶解固体值均低于 300mg/L，符合世界卫生组织（WHO）的水质标准。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法检测到地下水、泉水和自来水中痕量的 As、Cd、Cr、Co、Cu、Fe、Pb、Mn、Mo、Ni、V、Zn、Sr 和 Hg，其含量均低于 WHO 和日本水质标准限值。采用顶空气相色谱-质谱法测定挥发性有机碳化合物，测量浓度符合 WHO 和日本水质标准。总三卤甲烷（THMs）是所有天然饮用水源中检测到的主要污染物，但自来水中的浓度最高（37.27±0.05μg/L）。值得注意的是，深地下水的 THMs 浓度高达 1.1±0.05μg/L。该模型可以准确描述本研究中所涉及的有机、无机和痕量重金属指标，可用于天然清洁水的质量管理。
