UR1037 SCRIBE, IFR140, INRA, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France.
Fish Physiol Biochem. 2012 Feb;38(1):43-60. doi: 10.1007/s10695-011-9522-z. Epub 2011 Jun 14.
There is a considerable public and scientific debate concerning welfare of fish in aquaculture. In this review, we will consider fish welfare as an integration of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive/emotional responses, all of which are essentially adaptative responses to stressful situations. An overview of fish welfare in this context suggests that understanding will rely on knowledge of all components of allostatic responses to stress and environmental perturbations. The development of genomic technologies provides new approaches to this task, exemplified by how genome-wide analysis of genetic structures and corresponding expression patterns can lead to the discovery of new aspects of adaptative responses. We will illustrate how the genomic approach may give rise to new biomarkers for fish welfare and also increase our understanding of the interaction between physiological, behavioral, and emotional responses. In a first part, we present data on expression of candidate genes selected a priori. This is a common avenue to develop molecular biomarkers capable of diagnosing a stress condition at its earliest onset, in order to allow quick corrective intervention in an aquaculture setting. However, most of these studies address isolated physiological functions and stress responses that may not be truly indicative of animal welfare, and there is only rudimentary understanding of genes related to possible cognitive and emotional responses in fish. We also present an overview on transcriptomic analysis related to the effect of aquaculture stressors, environmental changes (temperature, salinity, hypoxia), or concerning specific behavioral patterns. These studies illustrate the potential of genomic approaches to characterize the complexity of the molecular mechanisms which underlies not only physiological but also behavioral responses in relation to fish welfare. Thirdly, we address proteomic studies on biological responses to stressors such as salinity change and hypoxia. We will also consider proteomic studies developed in mammals in relation to anxiety and depressive status which may lead to new potential candidates in fish. Finally, in the conclusion, we will suggest new developments to facilitate an integrated view of fish welfare. This includes use of laser microdissection in the transcriptomic/proteomic studies, development of meta-analysis methods for extracting information from genomic data sets, and implementation of technological advances for high-throughput proteomic studies. Development of these new approaches should be as productive for our understanding of the biological processes underlying fish welfare as it has been for the progress of pathophysiological research.
关于水产养殖中的鱼类福利，存在着相当大的公众和科学界的争论。在这篇综述中，我们将把鱼类福利视为生理、行为和认知/情感反应的综合，所有这些反应本质上都是对压力情况的适应反应。从这个角度来看鱼类福利的概述表明，理解将依赖于对所有压力和环境干扰的适应反应的所有组成部分的知识。基因组技术的发展为这项任务提供了新的方法，例如，通过对遗传结构和相应表达模式的全基因组分析如何导致对适应反应的新方面的发现。我们将说明基因组方法如何产生鱼类福利的新生物标志物，并增加我们对生理、行为和情感反应之间相互作用的理解。在第一部分中，我们提出了预先选择的候选基因表达的数据。这是开发能够在最早阶段诊断应激状态的分子生物标志物的常见途径，以便在水产养殖环境中快速进行纠正干预。然而，这些研究大多涉及孤立的生理功能和应激反应，这些反应可能并不真正代表动物福利，而且对鱼类中可能与认知和情感反应有关的基因只有初步的了解。我们还概述了与水产养殖应激源、环境变化（温度、盐度、缺氧）或特定行为模式相关的转录组分析。这些研究说明了基因组方法的潜力，可以描述不仅是生理反应，而且是与鱼类福利相关的行为反应的分子机制的复杂性。第三，我们研究了应激源（如盐度变化和缺氧）对生物的蛋白质组学反应。我们还将考虑与焦虑和抑郁状态相关的哺乳动物的蛋白质组学研究，这些研究可能会为鱼类提供新的潜在候选物。最后，在结论中，我们将提出新的发展，以促进鱼类福利的综合观点。这包括在转录组学/蛋白质组学研究中使用激光显微切割，开发用于从基因组数据集提取信息的元分析方法，以及实施用于高通量蛋白质组学研究的技术进步。这些新方法的发展应该像对鱼类福利的生物学过程的理解一样，对病理生理学研究的进展产生同样的影响。
