Balasch Joan Carles, Tort Lluís
Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Feb 12;10:62. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00062. eCollection 2019.
In the last decade, the concept of animal stress has been stressed thin to accommodate the effects of short-term changes in cell and tissue physiology, major behavioral syndromes in individuals and ecological disturbances in populations. Seyle's definition of stress as "the nonspecific (common) result of any demand upon the body" now encompasses homeostasis in a broader sense, including all the hierarchical levels in a networked biological system. The heterogeneity of stress responses thus varies within individuals, and stressors become multimodal in terms of typology, source and effects, as well as the responses that each individual elicits to cope with the disturbance. In fish, the time course of changes after stress strongly depends on several factors, including the stressful experiences in early life, the vertical transmission of stressful-prone phenotypes, the degree of individual phenotypic plasticity, the robustness and variety of the epigenetic network related to environmentally induced changes, and the intrinsic behavioral responses (individuality/personality) of each individual. The hierarchical heterogeneity of stress responses demands a code that may decrypt and simplify the analysis of both proximate and evolutionary causes of a particular stress phenotype. We propose an analytical framework, the , defined as an adaptive scenario dominated by common environmental selective pressures that elicit common multilevel acute stress-induced responses and produce a measurable allostatic load in the organism. The stressotope may constitute a blueprint of embedded interactions between stress-related variations in cell states, molecular mediators and systemic networks, a map of circuits that reflect the inherited and acquired stress responses in an ever-changing, microorganismal-loaded medium. Several features of the proposed model are discussed as a starting point to pin down the maximum common stress responses across immune-neuroendocrine relevant physiological levels and scenarios, including the characterization of behavioral responses, in fish.
在过去十年中，动物应激的概念已被过度延伸，以适应细胞和组织生理学的短期变化、个体的主要行为综合征以及种群中的生态干扰的影响。塞利将应激定义为“对身体的任何需求所产生的非特异性（共同）结果”，现在这一定义在更广泛的意义上涵盖了稳态，包括网络生物系统中的所有层次水平。因此，应激反应的异质性在个体内部存在差异，应激源在类型、来源和影响方面以及每个个体为应对干扰而引发的反应方面都变得具有多模态性。在鱼类中，应激后变化的时间进程强烈取决于几个因素，包括早期生活中的应激经历、应激易感性表型的垂直传递、个体表型可塑性的程度、与环境诱导变化相关的表观遗传网络的稳健性和多样性，以及每个个体的内在行为反应（个性）。应激反应的层次异质性需要一种代码，该代码可以解密并简化对特定应激表型的近端和进化原因的分析。我们提出了一个分析框架，即应激位，定义为一种由共同环境选择压力主导的适应性情景，这些压力引发共同的多级急性应激诱导反应，并在生物体中产生可测量的适应性负荷。应激位可能构成细胞状态、分子介质和系统网络中与应激相关的变化之间嵌入式相互作用的蓝图，是反映在不断变化的、充满微生物的介质中遗传和获得的应激反应的回路图谱。作为确定鱼类免疫 - 神经内分泌相关生理水平和情景中最大共同应激反应的起点，本文讨论了所提出模型的几个特征，包括行为反应的特征描述。
