School of Psychology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK.
Memory. 2011 May;19(4):331-45. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.568495.
The frequency and characteristics of involuntary autobiographical memories were compared in 25 stable dysphoric and 28 non-dysphoric participants, using a new laboratory-based task (Schlagman & Kvavilashvili, 2008). Participants detected infrequent target stimuli (vertical lines) in a simple vigilance task and recorded any involuntary autobiographical memories that came to mind, mostly in response to irrelevant words presented on the screen. Dysphoric participants reported involuntary memories as frequently and as quickly as non-dysphoric participants and their memories were not repetitive intrusive memories of negative or traumatic events. Additional content analysis showed that dysphoric participants did not recall more memories of objectively negative events (e.g., accidents, illnesses, deaths) than non-dysphoric participants. However, significant group differences emerged in terms of a mood congruency effect whereby dysphoric participants rated their memories as more negative than non-dysphoric participants. Moreover, the proportion of negatively rated involuntary memories was related to lower mood ratings at the end of the session in the dysphoric but not in the non-dysphoric group. Finally, groups did not differ on several memory characteristics such as vividness, specificity (high in both groups) and rates of rehearsal (low in both groups). Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for research on depression and autobiographical memory are discussed.
本研究采用 Schlagman 和 Kvavilashvili（2008）提出的新实验室任务，比较了 25 名稳定心境恶劣者和 28 名非心境恶劣者报告的非自愿自传体记忆的频率和特征。在简单的警戒任务中，参与者检测不频繁的目标刺激（垂直线），并记录任何浮现的非自愿自传体记忆，主要是对屏幕上呈现的不相关单词的反应。心境恶劣组报告的非自愿记忆与非心境恶劣组一样频繁和迅速，且其记忆并非对消极或创伤性事件的重复侵入性记忆。进一步的内容分析表明，心境恶劣组回忆的客观消极事件（例如事故、疾病、死亡）并不比非心境恶劣组多。然而，在心境一致性效应方面存在显著的组间差异，即心境恶劣组对记忆的评价比非心境恶劣组更消极。此外，在心境恶劣组中，被消极评价的非自愿记忆的比例与在会议结束时的情绪评分降低有关，而非心境恶劣组则没有。最后，两组在记忆特征上没有差异，如生动性、特异性（两组都很高）和复述率（两组都很低）。这些发现对抑郁和自传体记忆研究的理论和实践意义进行了讨论。
