Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
Tob Control. 2012 Sep;21(5):460-4. doi: 10.1136/tc.2011.043190. Epub 2011 Jun 15.
To determine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM(2.5)) levels at various hospitality and entertainment venues of Karachi, Pakistan.
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at various locations in Karachi, during July 2009. Sampling was performed at 20 enclosed public places, including hospitality (restaurants and cafés) and entertainment (snooker/billiard clubs and gaming zones) venues. PM(2.5) levels were measured using an aerosol monitor.
All entertainment venues had higher indoor PM(2.5) levels as compared to the immediate outdoors. The indoor PM(2.5) levels ranged from 25 to 390 μg/m(3) and the outdoor PM(2.5) levels ranged from 18 to 96 μg/m(3). The overall mean indoor PM(2.5) level was 138.8 μg/m(3) (± 112.8). Among the four types of venues, the highest mean indoor PM(2.5) level was reported from snooker/billiard clubs: 264.7 μg/m(3) (± 85.4) and the lowest from restaurants: 66.4 μg/m(3) (± 57.6) while the indoor/outdoor ratio ranged from 0.97 to 10.2, highest being at the snooker/billiard clubs. The smoking density ranged from 0.21 to 0.57, highest being at gaming zones. The indoor PM(2.5) concentration and smoking density were not significantly correlated (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.113; p = 0.636).
This study demonstrates unacceptably high levels of PM(2.5) exposure associated with secondhand smoke (SHS) at various entertainment venues of Karachi even after 8 years since the promulgation of smoke-free ordinance (2002) in Pakistan; however, better compliance may be evident at hospitality venues. The results of this study call for effective implementation and enforcement of smoke-free environment at public places in the country.
确定巴基斯坦卡拉奇各种酒店和娱乐场所的细颗粒物（PM2.5）水平。
这是 2009 年 7 月在卡拉奇各地进行的一项描述性横断面研究。在 20 个封闭的公共场所进行采样，包括酒店（餐厅和咖啡馆）和娱乐（斯诺克/台球俱乐部和游戏区）场所。使用气溶胶监测器测量 PM2.5 水平。
所有娱乐场所的室内 PM2.5 水平均高于室外。室内 PM2.5 水平范围为 25 至 390μg/m3，室外 PM2.5 水平范围为 18 至 96μg/m3。整体平均室内 PM2.5 水平为 138.8μg/m3（±112.8）。在四种类型的场所中，斯诺克/台球俱乐部报告的室内 PM2.5 平均水平最高：264.7μg/m3（±85.4），餐厅最低：66.4μg/m3（±57.6），而室内/室外比例范围从 0.97 到 10.2，最高的是在斯诺克/台球俱乐部。吸烟密度范围从 0.21 到 0.57，最高的是在游戏区。室内 PM2.5 浓度与吸烟密度无显著相关性（Spearman 相关系数=0.113；p=0.636）。
这项研究表明，即使在巴基斯坦 2002 年颁布无烟条例 8 年后，卡拉奇各种娱乐场所的 PM2.5 暴露水平仍非常高，与二手烟（SHS）有关，但酒店的遵守情况可能更好。该研究结果呼吁在该国公共场所有效实施和执行无烟环境。
