Department of Global Health and Population, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11028-33. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1019183108. Epub 2011 Jun 20.
Many urban households in developing countries use biomass fuels for cooking. The proportion of household biomass use varies among neighborhoods, and is generally higher in low socioeconomic status (SES) communities. Little is known of how household air pollution varies by SES and how it is affected by biomass fuels and traffic sources in developing country cities. In four neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana, we collected and analyzed geo-referenced data on household and community particulate matter (PM) pollution, SES, fuel use for domestic and small-commercial cooking, housing characteristics, and distance to major roads. Cooking area PM was lowest in the high-SES neighborhood, with geometric means of 25 (95% confidence interval, 21-29) and 28 (23-33) μg/m(3) for fine and coarse PM (PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10)), respectively; it was highest in two low-SES slums, with geometric means reaching 71 (62-80) and 131 (114-150) μg/m(3) for fine and coarse PM. After adjustment for other factors, living in a community where all households use biomass fuels would be associated with 1.5- to 2.7-times PM levels in models with and without adjustment for ambient PM. Community biomass use had a stronger association with household PM than household's own fuel choice in crude and adjusted estimates. Lack of regular physical access to clean fuels is an obstacle to fuel switching in low-income neighborhoods and should be addressed through equitable energy infrastructure.
许多发展中国家的城市家庭都使用生物质燃料做饭。家庭生物质燃料的使用比例因社区而异，在社会经济地位较低的社区中通常更高。关于家庭空气污染如何因社会经济地位而异，以及它如何受到发展中国家城市生物质燃料和交通源的影响，人们知之甚少。在加纳阿克拉的四个社区，我们收集并分析了与家庭和社区颗粒物（PM）污染、社会经济地位、家庭和小型商业烹饪用燃料、住房特征以及与主要道路的距离有关的地理位置数据。高 SES 社区的烹饪区 PM 最低，细颗粒物（PM2.5）和粗颗粒物（PM2.5-10）的几何平均值分别为 25（95%置信区间，21-29）和 28（23-33）μg/m3；两个低收入社区的贫民窟最高，细颗粒物和粗颗粒物的几何平均值分别达到 71（62-80）和 131（114-150）μg/m3。在调整其他因素后，与在所有家庭都使用生物质燃料的社区相比，在不调整和调整环境 PM 的模型中，生活在社区中的 PM 水平会增加 1.5 到 2.7 倍。在粗估计和调整估计中，社区生物质燃料的使用与家庭 PM 的关联比家庭自身燃料选择更强。低收入社区缺乏定期获得清洁燃料的机会，这是燃料转换的障碍，应该通过公平的能源基础设施来解决。
